इंग्रजी व्याकरण
इंग्रजी व्याकरण
मित्रांनो परीक्षेत पैकीच्या पैकी मार्क मिळवण्यासाठी इंग्रजी व्याकरण अत्यंत महत्वाचे आहे
Articles (उपपदे)
इंग्रजी भाषेत उपपदांना अनन्यसाधारण महत्त्व आहे. एकूण उपपदे तीन आहेत :
(i) a
(ii) an
(iii) the
उपपदांचे दोन प्रकार आहेत :
(1) Indefinite Articles : a, an
(2) Definite Article : the
उपपदे वापरण्याचे नियम :
(I) a (ए, अ) :
(i) a उपपद वापरण्यासाठी सामान्यानाम एकवचनी पाहिजे.
(ii) ते सामान्यानाम countable पाहिजे.
(iii) त्याची सुरुवात व्यंजनाने झालेली पाहिजे.
(iv) त्याची निश्चित माहिती झालेली नसावी.
e.g. This is a bird.
That is a dog.
It is a rock.
टीपः (a) ज्या वस्तू आपण संख्येने मोजू शकतो, त्यांना countable असे म्हणतात.
e.g. book, chalk, tree, books, chalks, trees etc.
(b) एकाच प्रकारच्या वस्तूंना त्यांच्या अंगी असलेल्या गुणधर्माच्या सारखेपणामुळे जे सर्वसाधारण नाव दिले जाते,
त्यालाच सामान्यनाम (Common Noun) असे म्हणतात.
(c) इंग्रजीमध्ये एकूण 26 मुळाक्षरे असून 21( Consonants) व्यंजने आहेत.
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.
(d) a उपपद वापरण्याचा अपवाद (exception) :
एखाद्या स्वराने सुरु होणाय्रा परंतू त्या स्वराचा व्यंजनासारखा उच्चार होणा-या सामान्यनामापूर्वी देखील a
उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. a university, a uniform, a union, a unit, a one rupee note etc.
(e) एखाद्या येणाय्रा निरनिराळ्या वाक्यांमध्ये नियमानुसार a हे उपपद वापरलेल्या सामान्यनामाचा पुन्हा पुन्हा
वापर करावा लागत असेल, तर त्या नामाच्या पहिल्या वापरापूर्वी a व नंतरच्या वापरापूर्वी the उपपद
वापरतात.
e.g. This is a book. The book is written by Tagore
(f) एखाद्या सामान्यनामापूर्वी विशेषण असून त्या विशेषणाची सुरुवात व्यंजनाने झालेली असल्यास त्यापूर्वी a
वापरतात.
e.g. I saw a small child weeping for toys.
(II) an
(i) an उपपद वापरण्यासाठी सामान्यानाम एकवचनी पाहिजे.
(ii) ते सामान्यानाम countable पाहिजे.
(iii) त्याची सुरुवात झालेली पाहिजे.
(iv) त्याची निश्चित माहिती झालेली नसावी.
e.g. I saw an elephant wandering in the forest.
It is an ink-pot.
That is an ant.
This is an orange.
टीपः (a) स्वर पाच आहेतः a, e, i, o, u
(b) an उपपद वारण्याचा अपवादः
(i) एखाद्या सामान्यनामाची सुरुवात h ने झालेली असून त्याचा उच्चार स्वरासारखा होत असेल, तर त्या
सामान्यनामापूर्वी an उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. Rekha will return within an hour.
Mohan is an honest boy.
(ii) स्वरासारखा उच्चार होण्या-या व्यंजनांनी सुरुवात झालेल्या सामान्यनामापूर्वी an उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. an M.A., an M.P., an S.P., an M.L.A. etc.
(c) क्रमाने येणाय्रा निरनिरळ्या वाक्यांमध्ये नियमानुसार an उपपद वापरलेल्या सामान्यनामाचा पुन्हा पुन्हा
वापर करावा लागत असेल, तर त्याच्या पहिल्या वापरापूर्वी an व नंतरच्या वापरापूर्वी the उपपद
वापरतात.
e.g. I saw an old man lying in the mud.
The old man was none but the grandfather of my friend.
(d) एखाद्या सामान्यनामापूर्वी विशेषण वापरलेले असून त्याची सुरुवात स्वराने झालेली असेल, तर त्यापूर्वी an
उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. I saw an old man.
(III) the (द्‍, दि) -
(i) the उपपद वापरण्यासाठी सामान्यनाम एकवचनी किंवा अनेकवचनी पाहिजे.
(ii) ते सामान्यनाम countable किंवा uncountable पाहिजे.
(iii) त्याची निश्चित माहिती झालेली पाहिजे.
e.g. the table, the river, the children, the milk, the sky etc.
· The उपपद वापरण्याचे काही विशिष्ठ नियमः
(1) जगातील एकमेव वस्तूंच्या नावापुर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Gateway of India, the Taj Mahal, the Red fort, the Black Horse, the White House.
(2) सूर्यकुलातील वस्तूंच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the sun, the moon, the stars, the earth, the milkyway, the earth etc.
(3) समुद्रांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Arabian sea, the Indian Ocean, the Atalantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean etc.
(4) पर्वतांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Himalaya, the Sahayadri, the Vindya, the Satpuda etc.
(5) नद्यांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Ganga, the Koyana, the Godavari, the Satlaj.
(6) दिशांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the East, the West, the North, the South, the North-east, the North –west, the south
east, the south-west.
(7) धार्मिक ग्रंथांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagwat Geeta, the Dnyaneswari etc.
(8) Surerlative Degree मध्ये विशेषणाच्या तिस-या रुपापूर्वी उपपद the वापरतात.
e.g. Ganesh is the best boy of all.
(9) क्रमवाचक संख्याविशेषणांच्या पूर्वी उपपद the वापरतात.
e.g. the first , the second, the third etc.
(10) विशेषणापूर्वी the उपपद वापरत नाहीत. परंतू जेव्हा विशेषणापूर्वी the उपपद वापरुन त्यानंतर सामान्यनामाचा
वापर केलेला नसतो, तेव्हा ते विशेषण त्या वर्गातील सर्वांचा उल्लेख करीत असते.
e.g. the म्हणजे सर्व गोरे लोक
e.g. the म्हणजे सर्व शूर लोक.
(11) एखाद्या सामान्यनामावर जोर देताना त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. This is the place where I want to get off.
(12) प्रतिनिधीत्व करणा-या एकवचनी सामान्यामापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. The dog is an honest animal.
(अपवादः man, woman)
(13) डावी बाजू / उजवी बाजू असा उल्लेख करताना the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the left, the right
(14) एकादा उल्लेख झालेल्या सामान्यनामाचा पुन्हा पुन्हा वापर होत असल्यास त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. Monica loves a cow. The cow is very useful.
(15) संपूर्ण कुटूंबाचा उल्लेख करताना आडनावाच्या अनेकवचनापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. We are invited by the Karniks for tea.
* the karniks म्हणजे संपूर्ण कर्णिक कुटूंब
(16) विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत. परंतु एखाद्या विशेषनामाचा वापर दुस-या विशेषनामाला उपमा देण्यासाठी होत असेल, तर त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. Kalidas is called the Shakespear of India.
Samudra Gupta is called the Nepolean Bonapart of India.
* येथे शेक्सपियर, नेपोलियन बोनापार्ट ही विशेषनामे उपमा देण्यासाठी सामान्यनामाचे कार्य करीत आहेत; म्हणून
त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरलेले आहे.
(17) the हे उपपद same या शब्दापूर्वी पण वापरले जाते.
e.g. the same book, the same student etc.
(18) the हे उपपद देशवासी, प्रांतवासी यांच्या नावापूर्वी वापरतात.
e.g. the Indian, the maharashtrian etc.
· उपपदासंबंधी काही विशिष्ठ नियमः
(1) उपपदे फक्त सामान्यनामापूर्वीच वापरतात.
(2) a किंवा an म्हणजे एक (सामान्यनामापूर्वी वापर केला असेल तरच) स्वतंत्र a किंवा an ला अर्थ नाही.
(3) the म्हणजे तो, ती, ते, त्या, ती (सामान्यनामापूर्वी वापर केला असेल तरच) स्वतंञ the ला अर्थ नाही.
(4) खेळ व रस्त्यांच्या नावापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
(5) home ह्या शब्दापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Seeta came home. येथे कर्मामध्ये home हा एकच शब्द आहे. परंतू home चे वर्णन त्यानंतर येत असेल,
तर मात्र त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. This is the home of my uncle.
(6) जेवणाची आणि रोगांची नावे यांच्यापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Dinner, Lunch, Breakfast, Supper (जेवणांची नावे)
Fever, Plauge, Dysentery (रोगांची नावे)
(7) भाषा, ज्ञानशाखा, दिवस, महिने, ॠतू याच्यांपूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Hindi, Mathematics, Sunday, March, Winter etc.
(8) संबोधन विभक्तीमध्ये सामान्यनामाचा वापर करताना त्यापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Ravi said, “Brother, this is my book.”
· Some more examples solved for practice :
Fill in the blanks with proper articles where necessary :
(1) My daughter is …… expert in flattering me.
My daughter is an expert in flattering me.
(2) He was called to visit …. Dying boy.
He was called to visit a Dying boy.
(3) ….. Gita declares lokasangraha or welfare of the people.
The Gita declares lokasangraha or welfare of the people.
(4) My heart skipped …. beat.
My heart skipped a beat.
(5) I want to be ….. fastest women on the this earth.
I want to be the fastest women on the this earth.
(6) He was ….. elderly man.
He was an elderly man.
(7) ….. first event was the 100 metre race.
The first event was the 100 metre race.
(8) Long ago there was ….. blind musician.
Long ago there was a blind musician.
(9) ….. sun rises in the East.
The sun rises in the East.
(10) I love my ….. India.
I love my India.
टीपः या वाक्यात उपपद वापरता येणार नाही. India हे विशेषनाम आहे. विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
तसेच पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामाची षष्ठी विभक्ती व नाम यांमध्ये उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
(11) Mr. Patil has done ….. excellent job.
Mr. Patil has done an excellent job.
(12) I bought ….. dosen of oranges.
I bought a dosen of oranges.
(13) My uncle is ….. union leader.
My uncle is a union leader.
टीपः union च्या सुरुवातीस u हा स्वर असला तरी त्याचा उच्चार व्यंजनासारखा होतो; म्हणून येथे a हे उपपद
वापरले.
(14) In almost every cave, there is …… inner temple.
In almost every cave, there is an inner temple.
(15) My guru was ….. perfectionist.
My guru was a perfectionist.
(16) As ….. MP Mr. Patil has done many good things for people.
As an MP Mr. Patil has done many good things for people.
टीप ः MP ची सुरुवात व्यंजनाने असली, तरी त्याचा उच्चार स्वरासारखा होतो; म्हणून येथे an हे उपपद वापरले.
(17) …… opposite of love is not hate.
The opposite of love is not hate.
(18) It is a particular domestic model of …… robot.
It is a particular domestic model of a robot.
(19) That was my ….. first interview.
That was my first interview.
टीपः ‘First’ येथे ordinal नसून adjective आहे. विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
(20) The man you met was ….. Yashwant.
The man you met was Yashwant.
टीपः Yashwant हे विशेषनाम आहे. विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
* Exercise *
[I] Fill in the blanks with proper articles where necessary :
(1) Do you think I can ever be …… doctor?
(2) Even anatomy,…… introductory course, held special problems for him.
(3) Together they found …… solution.
(4) Most important, he was …… excellent listener.
(5) I can see like …… eagle.
(6) And we designed it all into ….. Mac.
(7) The jeep was …… expensive resource given by the government.
(8) We became part of …… larger reality.
(9) My mother brought ash from her Chula & mixed it in …… earth.
(10) Let me give you …… anecdote from the other end of ……. Social spectrums.
(11) After dinner, she spends …… hour or more on homework.
(12) As …… adult, we usually link every action to ……. external reward of money.
(13) India witness …… second highest number of accident fatalities globally.
(14) On that terrible Tuesday, …… 26th of July 2005 …… sky suddenly became …… ocean.
(15) …… gardener pointed out of the window at St. Vincent Place.
(16) In 2002, the number of deaths per 10,000 vehicles was …… highest in China.
(17) …… Panchayat promoted milk as …… alternative source of income at the household level.
(18) …… New palace is one such magnificent structure, built in 1818 for the Maharaja.
(19) Actually, Kolhapur is …… gourmet’s paradise.
(20) Last evening Ganukaka happened tell me …… story.
(21) I remembered …… anecdote which I had read recently.
(22) We flew over …… Aravalis.
(23) With great difficulty she managed to have …… audience with him.
(24) we marvelled at the natural beauty of …… Narmada river in Madhya Pradesh.
(25) We reaffirmed that is …… most beautiful place in the world.
[II] fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary :
(1) When I reached the college, students were playing …… football match. …… match had
reached …… interesting turn when …… player was wounded …… player belonged to the
opposing team.
(2) My father become …… chartered accountant in Lahore, ……. Uncle became …… hotel
Manager in Karachi , and we had …… aunt in Rangoon.
[III] Use the definite articles ‘the’ in the following sentence, wherever necessary. Put a cross
mark (x) where it is not necessary :
(1) She thought that …… star shooting across …… sky was far more beautiful than any
aeroplane.
(2) …… India is a very large country in …… Asia.
(3) …… Kanchanganga is one of ……. most beautiful peaks in …… Himalayan range.
(4) They found that …… second part of the novel was full of suspense.
(5) …… Rajasthan and …… Central Maharashtra often experience droughts.
(6) …… Ganga and …… Yamuna unite at Allahabad.
ANSWERS
Articles.
[I] (1) a (2) an (3) a (4) an (5) an (6) the (7) an (8) a (9) the (10)an, the (11) an (11)an (12) an, an (13)the (14) the, the, an (15) the (16) the (17) the, an (18) the (19) a (20)a (21) an (22) the (23) an (24) the (25) the
[II] (1) a, the, an, a, the (2) the,an, a, an
[III] (1) the, the (2) x, x (3) x, the, the (4) the (5) x, x (6) the, the,
Exercise
Try this exercise, putting a/an/the in the blanks. If there should be no article, then place a * in the blank. The answers and explanations follow.
Mr Coleman was (1) ___ very fastidious person. He lived three (2) ___ streets away from us, in (3) ___ small house with (4) ___ beautiful garden. Having taken early retirement from his (5) ___ job as (6) ___ button counter, he now had plenty of time to worry, and this he did very successfully. He often spent sleepless nights trying to figure out how he could successfully cook both sides of (7) ___ omelette without it breaking, or how he might achieve better access to (8) ___ tins at (9) ___ back of his cupboard. (10) ___ most of his home was exceptionally neat and tidy, but several loose cables behind (11) ___ television set bothered him, and he never quite knew what to do with (12) ___ empty plastic bags.
Then, one day, his life changed, and he began to experience some relief from his anguish. It seemed that other people underwent similar mental trials, for (13) ___ new catalogue appeared on his doorstep. (14) ___ catalogue contained solutions for many of his problems, and for others which had not yet given him any cause for concern. There was (15) ___ set of three egg timers, for example, shaped like (16) ___ chickens and designed to emit (17) ___ clucking sound at (18) ___ end of three, four and five minutes respectively. In this way he could cook (19) ___ eggs to suit each of his friends individually, and then keep them warm with (20) ___ specially designed covers which went with the timer, marked ‘3’, ‘4’ and ‘5’ for identification purposes. And (21) ___ catalogue contained many other wonderful ideas, such as (22) ___ toaster which could be adjusted to produce different degrees of brownness on (23) ___ four slices toasted simultaneously, and (24) ___ photo frame that rotated pictures at (25) ___ touch of (26) ___ invisible button, so that visiting relatives would never be offended by not seeing their pictures on display, unless, of course, they all turned up together – Mr Coleman eventually solved this problem too by ordering four frames.
Answers
Mr Coleman was (1) a very fastidious person. He lived three (2) * streets away from us, in (3) a small house with (4) a beautiful garden. Having taken early retirement from his (5) * job as (6) a button counter, he now had plenty of time to worry, and this he did very successfully. He often spent sleepless nights trying to figure out how he could successfully cook both sides of (7) an omelette without it breaking, or how he might achieve better access to (8) the tins at (9) the back of his cupboard. (10) *Most of his home was exceptionally neat and tidy, but several loose cables behind (11) the television set bothered him, and he never quite knew what to do with (12) *empty plastic bags.
Then, one day, his life changed, and he began to experience some relief from his anguish. It seemed that other people underwent similar mental trials, for (13) a new catalogue appeared on his doorstep. (14) The catalogue contained solutions for many of his problems, and for others which had not yet given him any cause for concern. There was (15) a set of three egg timers, for example, shaped like (16) * chickens and designed to emit (17) a clucking sound at (18) the end of three, four and five minutes respectively. In this way he could cook (19) *eggs to suit each of his friends individually, and then keep them warm with (20) the specially designed covers which went with the timer, marked ‘3’, ‘4’ and ‘5’ for identification purposes. And (21) the catalogue contained many other wonderful ideas, such as (22) a toaster which could be adjusted to produce different degrees of brownness on (23) *four slices toasted simultaneously, and (24) a photo frame that rotated pictures at (25) the touch of (26) an invisible button, so that visiting relatives would never be offended by not seeing their pictures on display, unless, of course, they all turned up together – Mr Coleman eventually solved this problem too by ordering four frames.
Articles: Health Clubs
Click the answer button to see the answer.
Are you shopping for ___ health club to join so you can get in shape?
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
Shop wisely! You could end up choosing ___ wrong club and losing more money than pounds.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
You may find out too late that ___ health clubs aren't for you.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
___ San Diego fitness experts recommend thoroughly checking out several health clubs before you join one.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
First, know what you want and need in ___ fitness facility, and don't pay for what you'll never use.
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c. the
d. no article is needed
If you only want exercise classes, ___ exercise studio without weight machines and locker rooms may work for you.
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b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
If you're looking for ___ place to only do bodybuilding, you'll be happy in a basic gym.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
You may be in ___ market for a full-service health club; then, make sure it offers lots of activities.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
Look for a place near your house, and check out ___ exercise instructors and personal trainers.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
They should be educated in physical education or certified by ___ organization such as the American Council on exercise.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
Certified instructors have at least some knowledge of anatomy, exercise physiology, injury prevention and ___ cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
You should evaluate ___ equipment and make sure fitness machines are modern and in working order.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
Try to talk to other members of the club. Find out what they believe are ___ advantages and disadvantages there.
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c. the
d. no article is needed
Look in ___ locker room, workout room, and shower--everywhere should be clean.
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b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
___ locker room sanitation is usually a good indication of how clean other areas are.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
Finally, before you sign ___ agreement to join, read the contract carefully.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
This is Bob. He's _____ doctor.
a. a
b. an
Peter is ____ engineer.
a. a
b. an
That's Oliver. He's ___ travel agent.
a. a
b. an
Leonardo di Caprio is ___ actor.
a. a
b. an
Fred is ____ electrician.
a. a
b. an
Mr. Smith is ___ teacher.
a. a
b. an
This is Gloria. She's ___ homemaker.
a. a
b. an
That's John. He's ___ police officer.
a. a
b. an
I'm ____ student.
a. a
b. an
Meryl Streep is ____ actress.
a. a
b. an
A, An, The or Nothing
Click the answer button to see the correct answer.
This is ___ easy question.
Please speak ___ little louder.
May I have your ___ phone number?
I have never seen ___ UFO.
May I ask you ___ question?
David is ___ best student in our class.
What is ___ name of the next station?
He has ___ my car today.
I went to ___ sea during my summer vacation.
Is there ___ public telephone near here?
This coat was designed by ___ famous New York artist.
Can you tell me how to get to ___ bank from here?
___ city museum is closed today.
He is one of ___ smartest people I know.
I recommend you eat ___ apple pie at this restaurant.
___ milk is good for you.
Would you like to see ___ movie?
___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away.
I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's test!
Do you have ___ dictionary that I can borrow?
There were many dogs in the park. One dog was ___ Dalmatian.
Pandas and ___ tigers are both endangered animals.
She is wearing ___ blue dress with red earrings
Hawaii is ___ island in the Pacific Ocean.
Christmas comes once ___ year.
___ ant is __ insect.
The Nile is ___ river.
I went to the shop to get ___ bread.
He broke ___ glass when he was washing dishes.
You should take ___ umbrella.
___ eagle
___ arrow
____ ultra-violet ray
___ honest person
___ UFO
___ unidentified flying object
___ easy question
___ X-ray
___ SOS
___ university
___ umbrella
___ hour-glass
___ UNESCO office
___ SAT score
___ TOEFL score
___ black umbrella
___ yellow ta
Albert Einstein was ___ famous scientist.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Einstein was born in ___ Germany in 1879.
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c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Einstein won ___ Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
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b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Einstein left his country and lived in ___ States until he died in 1955.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Einstein is known for his theory of ___ relativity.
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b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Roentgen was ___ German physicist who discovered x-rays, revolutionizing medical diagnosis.
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b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Roentgen won ___ 1901 Nobel Prize.
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b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Mandela was born in ___ South Africa.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Mandela was ___ first President elected in ___ South Africa after ___ Apartheid was revoked.
a. a / the / the
b. the / X / X
c. a / X / the
d. the / the / the
Mandela was imprisoned for ___ nearly 30 years for his anti-apartheid activities.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Mother Teresa was ___ Roman Catholic nun.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Mother Teresa became famous for her hard work with ___ poor.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
She was ___ founder of ___ order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity.
a. a / an
b. a / X
c. the / X [Nothing]
d. the / an
Mother Teresa lived in ___ Calcutta, India.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Mother Teresa received ___ her Nobel Peace Prize in 1979.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Advanced Article Usage
USE 12
A(AN) can be used like the word "per".
Examples:
Apples currently cost $1.30 a pound. Cheetahs can run 60 miles an hour. You want $150 a person for the tour?
USE 13
Use THE with nouns modified by ranking or ordering expressions such as "the first", "the second", "the third", "the next", "the last", "the previous", "the following", "the penultimate", etc.
Examples:
This is the fifth day of our conference. I'll pay the next time we have dinner. Don't forget the following rule.
USE 14
Use THE with superlatives such as "the best", "the biggest", "the most important", "the least interesting", etc.
Examples:
This is the best day ever. That is the most expensive hotel room I've ever heard of in my life. He told the funniest joke!
Comparative forms, such as "bigger", "better", "more" can be used with both A(AN) and THE and follow general article usage.
Examples:
I like the bigger roller coaster. He has a more expensive car than I do.
HOWEVER: THE is often used with comparative forms (bigger) rather than superlative forms (biggest) when comparing only two things. This is commonly used in phrases such as "the bigger of the two".
Examples:
Jessie and Shauna are both smart. But I think Shauna is the smarter of the two. Between Jason's son and his daughter, his daughter is the better athlete.
USE 15
Do not use articles when generalizing about uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns.
Examples:
Curiosity is a great trait. Uncountable Water is an important resource. Uncountable Vegetables are good for you. Plural countable
USE 16
English speakers often use THE plus a singular noun when they talk about or make generalizations about certain topics, including:
musical instruments (the piano, the guitar, the flute) plants (the coconut palm, the saguaro, the baobab) animals (the leopard, the elephant, the lowland gorilla) inventions (the steam engine, the plane, the light bulb) currencies (the dollar, the euro, the yen) body parts (the head, the eye, the ear)
Examples:
I play the piano. The sequoia tree is native to California. The dolphin is a very intelligent animal. The Wright brothers invented the airplane. Right now, the euro is stronger than the dollar. Cheryl got poked in the eye.
In general, English speakers choose to use THE in this way to give the noun a more abstract or conceptual sound. We choose to say "the piano" to make it sound more like an abstract art form. Similarly, "the dolphin" sounds more like we are referring to the species. Moreover, "the plane" has a more conceptual sound that conveys the idea of invention. But remember, you can also make generalizations about these topics using plurals as in USE 15.
USE 17
The expressions "a few" and "a little" mean "some" and express the idea that you have more than expected.
Examples:
He always carries a few dollars for emergencies. He had a little difficulty with his homework. She has a few friends who can help her move.
HOWEVER: The expressions "few" and "little" (without an article) mean "not much" and express the idea that you have less than expected.
Examples:
Unfortunately, I had little time to enjoy New York because I had to work so much. Sadly, he has few people in his life. They have little money, so their daughter cannot pay her tuition.
BUT REMEMBER: When the words "only" or "just" are used, "a few" and "a little" also emphasize the meaning "not much".
Examples:
Unfortunately, I only had a little time to enjoy New York because I had to work so much. Sadly, he just has a few people in his life. They only have a little money, so their daughter cannot pay her tuition.
USE 18
Generally, articles are not used with the names of illnesses or diseases.
Examples:
Dr. Smith visits schools and universities to educate students on AIDS. Oncologists are doctors who specialize in treating cancer. There are several medications that can be used to treat malaria.
HOWEVER: There are some illnesses which require THE.
the measles the flu the mumps the bubonic plague
MOREOVER: There are a few health conditions or illnesses which can be used with both A(AN) as well as THE and follow general article use. This category includes most aches, pains, growths, and attacks.
a cold a heart attack a stroke a wart / tumor / growth / etc. a sore throat / sore back/ sore foot / etc. a headache / toothache / backache / etc.
REMEMBER: This last category follows general article use. Study the examples below.
Examples:
John has a cold. The cold was pretty bad. Nancy had a heart attack. The heart attack seriously weakened her heart. Deb had a sore throat. The sore throat made it hard to talk.
USE 19
If a direction (north, west, southeast, left, right) directly follows a verb, do not use an article with the direction.
Examples:
We need to walk south. They drove north all day. At the stop sign, turn left and walk three blocks.
HOWEVER: If a direction follows a preposition, you must use THE.
Examples:
We need to walk to the south. Our house is in the north. The grocery store is on the right.
MOREOVER: Use THE with compass directions when referring to them as special geographic or cultural regions.
Examples:
We love the South. Have you ever visited the East? The West has better national parks.
USE 20
THE can be used with plural family names to refer to the family as a group.
Examples:
The Robinsons love to vacation in Florida. The Shinoharas are originally from Japan. My brother lives next door to the Jacksons.
USE 21
THE can be combined with certain adjectives to refer to a group of people such as "the blind", "the elderly", "the rich", "the French", "the Sioux", etc.
Examples:
He is elderly. Adjective The organization helps the elderly. Elderly people
REMEMBER: This is especially important in situations where nationalities or ethnic groups and their languages might be confused. In such situations, THE is used to specify that we are talking about the nationality or ethnic group rather than the language.
Examples:
I like French. Language I like the French. The French people
HOWEVER: When generalizing about nationalities or ethnic groups that end in "-ans", such as "Americans", "Mexicans", and "Hawaiians", THE is not usually used.
Examples:
Americans watch a lot of TV. Germans drink a lot of beer.
Articles (उपपदे )
Part of speech (शब्दांच्या जाती)
शब्दांची कार्ये आठ आहेत. त्या कार्यावरुन शब्दांचे आठ गट पाडण्यात आलेले आहेत. यांनाच शब्दांच्या जाती (Parts
of Speech) असे म्हणतात.
· शब्दांच्या आठ जाती (Parts of Speech) खालील प्रमाणे आहेतः
(1) Noun (नाम)
(2) Prounoun (सर्वनाम)
(3) Adjective (विशेषण)
(4) Verb (क्रियापद)
(5) Adverb (क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय)
(6) Perposition (शब्दयोगी अव्यय)
(7) Conjunction (उभयान्वयी अव्यय)
(8) Interjection (केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय)
Part of speech (शब्दांच्या जाती) शब्दांची कार्ये आठ आहेत. त्या कार्यावरुन शब्दांचे आठ गट पाडण्यात आलेले आहेत. यांनाच शब्दांच्या जाती (Parts
of Speech) असे म्हणतात.
· शब्दांच्या आठ जाती (Parts of Speech) खालील प्रमाणे आहेतः
(1) Noun (नाम)
(2) Prounoun (सर्वनाम)
(3) Adjective (विशेषण)
(4) Verb (क्रियापद)
(5) Adverb (क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय)
(6) Perposition (शब्दयोगी अव्यय)
(7) Conjunction (उभयान्वयी अव्यय)
(8) Interjection (केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय)
· प्रत्येक प्रकाराची माहितीः
1 Noun (नाम)
The word which is used as the name of a thing, person or animal is called a noun. [वस्तू,
व्यक्ती, प्राणी यांच्या नावाला (Noun) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. boy, school, river, country, Gopal, happiness, class, golden etc.
· Kinds of Nouns (नामांचे प्रकार) ः
No Kinds of Nouns Explanation
(1) Common noun
(सामान्यनाम) एकाच गटातील वस्तूंना दिलेले सर्वसाधारण नाव
e.g. boy, river, book, game, mountain etc.
(2) Proper noun
(विशेषनाम) वस्तूचे विशिष्ठ नाव
e.g. Gopal, Yamuna, Ramayana, Cricket, Himalaya etc.
(3) Collective Noun
(समूहवाचक नाम) वस्तूंच्या समूहाचे नाव
e.g. class, team, herd, army, bunch etc.
(4) Material Noun
(पदार्थवाचक नाम) पदार्थवाचक वस्तूंचे नाव
e.g. water, silver, gold, iron, milk etc.
(6) Abstract Noun
(भाववाचक नाम) वस्तूंच्या गुणाचे, अवस्थेचे किंवा कृतीचे नाव
e.g. honesty, greatness, pity etc.
* सामान्यनामे व समूहवाचक नामे संख्येत मोजता येतात; म्हणून त्यांना Countable Nouns असे म्हणतात.
* विशेषनामे, पदार्थवाचक नामे व भाववाचक नामे संख्येत मोजता येत नाहीत; म्हणून त्यांना Uncountable
Nouns असे म्हणतात.
2. Pronoun सर्वनामः
The word which is used instead of noun is called a Pronoun.
[नामाबद्‍ल येणा-या शब्दाला सर्वनाम (Pronoun) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they, this, that, these, those, who, why, whose, myself etc.
· Kinds of Pronouns (सर्वनामांचे प्रकार) ः
No. Kinds of Pronouns Explanation
(1) Personal Pronoun
(पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे) वक्ते, श्रोते व इतर अशा तीन गटांना पुरुष म्हणतात. त्यांच्याबद्दल येणारी सर्वनामे पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे असतात. e.g. I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.
(2) Demonstrative Pronouns
(दर्शक सर्वनामे) वस्तूंचा निर्देश करणाय्रा सर्वनामांना दर्शक सर्वनामे म्हणतात. e.g. this, that, these, those
(3) Relative Pronouns
(संबंधी सर्वनामे) पहिल्या वाक्यातील नामाशी दुसय्रा वाक्याचा संबंध जोडणाय्रा सर्वनामांना संबंधी सर्वनामे असे म्हणतात. e.g. which, what, whom, whose, that etc.
(4) Indefinite Pronouns
(अनिश्चित सर्वनामे) विशिष्ट वस्तू किंवा व्यक्तीचा निर्देश न करता वापरलेली सर्वनामे म्हणजे अनिश्चित सर्वनामे. e.g. one/ones, one/another, one/the other, one/the others, some/the other, anyone, someone, none, everyone etc.
(5) Interrogative Pronouns
(प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामे) प्रश्न विचारण्यासाठी जी सर्वनामे वापरतात, त्यांना प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामे असे म्हणतात. e.g. who, what, whom, which, whose etc.
(6) Reflexive Pronouns
(आत्मवाचक / निजवाचक सर्वनामे) क्रियेचा संबंध कर्त्याशी सूचित करणाय्रा सर्वनामांना Reflexive Pronouns असे म्हणतात. यांचा वापर करताना कर्ता व कर्म अभिन्न असतात. self/selves जोडून आत्मवाचक सर्वनामे तयार होतात. e.g. myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
(7) Emphatic Pronouns
(परिणामकारी सर्वनामे) परिणाम किंवाजोर सूचित करणा-या सर्वनामांना Emphatic Pronouns असे म्हणतात. self/selves जोडून ही सर्वनामे तयार होतात. e.g. I have completed it myself (Emphatic)
They deceived themselves (Reflexive)
(8) Distributive Pronouns ही सर्वनामे समूह / गट स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी वापरतात. e.g. all of, both of, either of, neither of etc.
3. Adjective विशेषणः
The word which tells something about the noun, is called an Adjective. [नामाबद्दल विशेष माहिती
सांगणा-या शब्दाला विशेषण (Adjective) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. brave king,
five books,
some milk,
much water,
seventh boy.
· Kinds of Adjectives (विशेषणांचे प्रकार) -
No. Kinds of Adjectives Explanation
(1) Adjective of Quality
(गुणवाचक विशेषण) नामाचा गुण सांगणा-या विशेषणाला गुणवाचक विशेषण असे म्हणतात.
e.g. brave, kind, cruel, green etc.
(2) Adjective of Quantity
(परिमाणवाचक विशेषण) नामाचे परिमाण सांगणा-या विशेषणाला परिमाणवाचक विशेषण असे म्हणतात. e.g. some, any, much, enough etc.
(3) Adjective of Number
(संख्यावाचक विशेषण) नामाची संख्या सांगणा-या विशेषणाला संख्यावाचक विशेषण असे म्हणतात. e.g. (a) Definite Numberals : one, two, three…. (cardinals) first, second, third, (ordinals)
(b) Indefinite Numberals : some, any, many.
(c) Distributive Numberals : each, every, either, neither.
(4) Demonstrative Adjectives जेव्हा दर्शक सर्वनामांचा वापर विशेषणासारखा केला जातो, तेव्हा त्यांना Demonstrative Adjectives असे म्हणतात. e.g. this, that, these, those etc.
(5) Interrogative Adjectives
(प्रश्नार्थक विशेषणे) प्रश्न विचारण्यासाठी जी विशेषणे वापरली जातात, त्यांना Interrogative Adjectives असे म्हणतात. e.g. what, which, who etc.
(6) Possessive Adjectives मालकी हक्क दाखविण्यासाठी वापरली जाणारी विशेषणे.
e.g. This is my book.
4. Verb क्रियापदः
The word which completes the meaning of the sentence, is called a Verb. [वाक्याचा अर्थ पूर्ण
करणा-या क्रियावाचक शब्दाला क्रियापद (Verb) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. I go.
I am going.
I have gone.
अधोरेखित शब्द क्रियापदांचे कार्य करीत आहेत.
· Kinds of Verbs (क्रियापदांचे प्रकार) -
No. Kinds of Verbs Explanation
(1) Transitive Verbs
(सकर्मक क्रियापदे) ज्या क्रियापद अर्थ पूर्ण होण्यास कर्माची गरज असते, त्यास सकर्मक क्रियापद असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Gopal caught a ball.
Horses carry carts.
(2) Intransitive Verbs
(अकर्मक क्रियापदे) ज्या क्रियापदाचा अर्थ पूर्ण होण्यास कर्माची गरज नसते, त्यास अकर्मक क्रियापद असे म्हणतात. e.g. I stand. Shegoes.
Leela weeps. They play.
(3) Regular/Weak Verbs
(नियमित क्रियापदे) ज्या क्रियापदांच्या रुपात नियमानूसार बदल होतो, त्यांना नियमित क्रियापदे असे म्हणतात. e.g. play, plays, playing, played.
(4) Irregular/Strong Verbs
(अनियमित क्रियापदे) ज्या क्रियापदांच्या भूतकाळी किंवा भूतकाळी धातूसाधित रुपात नियमानुसार बदल होत नाही, त्यांना अनियमित क्रियापदे असे म्हणतात.
e.g. ring rang rung
write wrote written
(5) Main Verbs
(मुख्य क्रियापदे) वाक्याचा अर्थ स्वतंत्रपणे पूर्ण करणा-या क्रियापदांना मुख्य क्रियापदे (Principal Verbs) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. I read a book.
Cows are useful animals.
(6) Auxiliary Verbs
(साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे) मुख्य क्रियापदे अपूर्ण अर्थ पूर्ण करण्यास मदत करणा-या क्रियापदांना साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Seeta is reading a book.
The tortoise had won the race.
5. Adverbs क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययेः
The word which tells something about the verb, is called an Adverb. [क्रियापदाबद्दल विशेष
माहिती सांगणा-या अव्ययांना (Adverb) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. The elephant walks slowly.
Horse runs fast.
* वरील वाक्यांमध्ये slowly व fast ही क्रियाविशेषण अव्यये आहेत.
टीपः (a) विशेषणांना ly प्रत्यय लावून Adverb तयार होते.
e.g. slow – slowly
happy – happily
careful – carefully
(b) वरील नियमास अपवादः
e.g. good – well
fast – fast
hard – hard
· Kinds of Adverbs (क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययांचे प्रकार) -
No. Kinds of Adverbs Explanation
(1) Adverbs of Time
(कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेची वेळ सूचित करणा-या शब्दांना कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. yesterday, today, tomorrow, late, early, now etc.
(2) Adverbs of Place
(स्थलवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेचे स्थळ सूचित करणा-या शब्दांना स्थलवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. here, there, down, below, everywhere, etc.
(3) Adverbs of Manner
(रीतीवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेची रीत सांगणा-या शब्दांना रीतीवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. slowly, fast, angrily, happily etc.
(4) Adverbs of Frequency
(संख्यावाचक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेचे संख्या किंवा वारंवारता दाखविणा-या शब्दांना संख्यावाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. once, twice, often, always etc.
(5) Adverbs of Degree
(परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेचे परिमाण, प्रमाण दाखविणा-या शब्दांना परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण असे म्हणतात. e.g. quite, very, almost, fully etc.
(6) Adverbs of Reason क्रियेचा हेतू किंवा कारण स्पष्ट करणा-या शब्दांना Adverbs of Reason असे म्हणतात. e.g. purposely, accidently, therefor etc.
(7) Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation (दृढतादर्शक आणि नकारदर्शक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेची दृढता किंवा नकार सूचित करणा-या शब्दांना Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation असे म्हणतात.
e.g. surely, certainly, neither, never etc.
(8) Interrogative Adverbs प्रश्न विचारणा-या क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययांना प्रश्नवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. where, when, how, why.
6. Prepositions (शब्दयोगी अव्यये) ः
The words that are used before a noun/pronoun of show the relationship of these words to
some other part of the sentence are called Prepositions. [नामाच्या किंवा सर्वनामाच्या पूर्वी वापरल्या
जाणा-या आणि त्यांचा वाक्यातील दुस-या शब्दांशी संबंध जोडणा-या शब्दांना शब्दयोगी अव्यये (Perpositions) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. His book is in his box.
His cap is on his head.
The old woman buried the pot under a tree.
* मराठीमध्ये Prepositions शब्दाला जोडून शब्दानंतर येते; परंतू इंग्रजीमध्ये ते शब्दांपूर्वी स्वतंत्र येते.
e.g. मराठीः माझे पुस्तक टेबलावर आहे.
इंग्रजीः My book is on the table.
* Preposition नामाचा किंवा सर्वनामाचा दुस-या शब्दाशी संबंध सूचित करते.
Kinds of Prepositions :
(1) Simple Prepositions : यामध्ये फक्त एकाच शब्दाचा समावेश असतो.
e.g. in, at, upon, on, within, into, etc.
(2) Complex Prepositions/Phrase Prepositions : यामध्ये दोन/तीन शब्दांचा समावेश होतो.
e.g. in spite of, because of, due to, in front of etc.
(3) Compound Prepositions : यामध्ये सुद्‍धा एकच शब्द असतो, परंतु त्यांना उपसर्ग जोडलेला असतो.
e.g. among, around, about, behind, between, beside, inside etc.
7. Conjunctions उभयान्वयी अव्ययेः
The words that join together two or more words/phrases/sentences are called Conjunctions.
[दोन किंवा दोनापेक्षा जास्त शब्द किंवा वाक्यांना जोडण्या-या शब्दांना उभयान्वयी अव्यये (Conjunctions) असे
म्हणतात.]
e.g. Gopal, Ahmad and Krishna are friends.
Ramnath was rich but he wasn’t kind.
Nachiket stood first because he worked hard.
* and, but, because ही Conjunctions आहेत; कारण पहिल्या वाक्यात and ने दोन शब्द जोडले, तर
दुस-या व तिस-या वाक्यात but आणि because ने दोन वाक्ये जोडलेली आहेत.
Kinds of Conjunctions :
(1) Co-ordinating Conjunctions/Co-ordinators : दोन शब्द किंवा दोन मुख्य उपवाक्ये जोडणा-या
उभयान्वयी अव्ययांना प्रधानत्वसूचक उभयान्वयी अव्यये (Co-ordinating Conjunctions) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Ramnath and his wife went for a pilgrimage.
Hitesh is poor but he is very honest.
(2) Sub-ordinating Conjunctions / Sub-ordinators : गौण उपवाक्य मुख्य उपवाक्याशी जोडणा-या
उभयान्वयी अव्ययांना गौणत्वसूचक उभयान्वयी अव्यये (Sub –ordinating Conjunctions) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. When he heard the news of his bright success, his joy knew no bounds.
Though Ramnath is rich, he is not kind.
Remember the following table :
Co-ordinators Sub-ordinators
and, but, or, yet, either…..or, When, though, although, while,before
Neither….nor, for, nor, both…..and, not only…..but also, still After, where, that, so that, since, as….as,because, as, as if, even if, in case, whether, except, till,until, unless, if.
8. Interjections केवलप्रयोगी अव्यये ः
Interjections are the words that express an emotion or some sudden feeling. [भावनेचा उद्रेक
व्यक्त करणा-या शब्दांना केवलप्रयोगी अव्यये (interjections) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. Alas! He died at last.
Sh! Keep quiet.
Oh! Excuse me.
* येथे Alas, Sh, Oh हे शब्द Interjections आहेत.
* आपल्या मनातील हर्ष, खेद, विस्मय, तिरस्कार, शोक, क्रोध, भिती इत्यादी विकार व्यक्त करण्यासाठी Interjections
वापरतात. (We use them to express sudden feelings of joy, pain, surprise, disgust, grief, anger,
fear.)
* संभाषणात Interjections आज्ञार्थी व उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्यांप्रमाणे महत्त्वाची भूमिका करतात.
* त्यांचा स्वतंत्र किंवा वाक्यात देखील वापर करतात. (They stand alone. They may be used with a
sentence, too.)
· Some important Interjections :
(1) alas (अलास्‍) अरेरे! हाय हाय!!
(2) begone (बिगॉन) चालता हो!
(3) bravo (ब्राव्हो) वाहवा! भले शाबास!
(4) eh (ए) आं! अरे!
(5) ha (हा) हा हा!
(6) hallo (हॅलो) काय रे! ओहो!
(7) hey (हे) हा हा! ओ हो!
(8) hi (हाय) अच्छा! ओहो!
(9) hello (हॅलो) काय हो!
(10) hurrah, hurray (हुरा, हुरे) वाहवा! शाबास!
(11) lo (लो) पहा!
(12) O (ओ) अहो, अरे रे!
(13) oh (ओ) अरे, ओहो!
(14) shoo (शू) शू, शुक!
(15) sh (श्‍) चूप!
(16) wow (वो) व्वा!
(17) tut (टट्‍) छी!
(18) what (व्हॉट) काय!
(19) hush (हश्‍) चूप!
(20) ugh (उः) उः!
* Exercise *
[I] Tell the part of speech of underlined words in each sentence :
(1) Rajiv is a good neighbour.
(2) Where do you live?
(3) How sweetly she sings!
(4) The dog is sleeping under a bush.
(5) Unless you run fast, you will miss the train.
(6) Shivaji was both brave and kind.
(7) O that I were a rose flower!
(8) Hallo! How do you do?
(9) The child was very hungry so he cried loudly.
(10) The story is about a frog.
[II] State the parts of speech against every word :
(1) river (2) slowly (3) short (4) oh (5)ran
(6) between (7) this (8) ugly (9) but (10) write
[III] Tell what the following interjections express :
(1) Bravo! (2) Hurrah! (3) What! (4) Hush! (5) Alas!
[IV] Use the following prepositions in your own sentence :
(1) between (2) with (3) across (4) by (6) along
[V] Use the following conjunctions in your own sentences :
(1) and (2) but (3) neither…..nor (4) as well as (5) unless
ANSWERS
1. Parts of Speech
[I]
Adjective of quality, Common Noun Interrogative Pronoun Adverb Preposition Conjuction, adverb Proper Noun, and: Conjunction Interjection Interjection Common Noun, Adjective, Conjuction, Personal pronoun, Verb, Adverb
10. Auxiliary Verb (To be), Preposition, Common Noun.
[II]
Common Noun Preposition Demonstrative Pronoun Adjective Conjuction Verb
[III]
Applause Joy Surprise Silence/secrecy Grief
[IV]
Rajive sits between Pramod and Vinod I stay with my parents in a village Manoj swam across the river. Mother is standing by the window. Monica is walking along the street.
[V]
Girish writes dramas and acts in them, too. Mangesh is very poor but he helps everybody. Neither Vijay nor Vijaya went to the fair. Mother as well as father helped the needy. Unless you run fast, you will lose the train.
Personal Pronoun(पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे)
Preposition (शब्दयोगी अव्यये)
Primary Auxilliaries (प्राथमिक साहय्यकारी क्रियापदे)
Model Auxilliaries (अभिवृत्तीदर्शक साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे)
Non - finites (क्रियापदाची अमर्यादित रुपे)
Past participles (भुतकाळी धातुसहित रुपे)
Part of speech (शब्दांच्या जाती)
Number (वचन)
नामावरुन ती वस्तू एक का एकापेक्षा जास्त याचा बोध होणे म्हणजेच वचन (Number) होय.
· वचनाचे दोन प्रकार आहेत:
(1) Singular Number (सिंग्युल्‍र नंबर्‍) एकवचन: जेव्हा नाम एकाच वस्तूचा निर्देश करते, तेव्हा त्या नामाचे
वचन एकवचन असते.
e.g. book, cow, ant, dog, bird, mango, school etc.
(2) Plural Number (प्ल्युरल्‍ नंबर्‍) अनेकवचन : जेव्हा नाम एकापेक्षा जास्त वस्तूचा निर्देश करते, तेव्हा त्या
नामाचे वचन अनेकवचन असते.
e.g. books, cows, ants, dogs, birds, mangoes, school etc.
· वचन बदलण्याचे नियम
1. सामान्यपणे एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी s प्रत्यय लावला असता त्याचे अनेकवचनी रुप तयार होते.
Singular Number Plural Number
book
house
doll
river
mountain
game
farmer
plant
garden
bullock books
houses
dolls
rivers
mountains
games
farmers
plants
gardens
bullocks
2. एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी s, sh, ch, x, o, किंवा z असेल , तर अनेकवचन करतांना शेवटी es प्रत्यय
जोडतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Lens
glass
bus
dress
class
pass
kiss
gas
bush
splash
dish
brush
bench
watch
match
branch
catch
bunch
batch
church
box
fox
tax
mango
tomato
hero
potato
buffalo
quiz
ass lenses
glasses
buses
dresses
classes
passes
kisses
gases
bushes
splashes
dishes
brushes
benches
watches
matches
branches
catches
bunches
batches
churches
boxes
foxes
taxes
mangoes
tomatoes
heroes
potatoes
buffaloes
quizes
asses
वरील नियमास अपवाद (exception) :
ox – oxen, canto – cantos, quanto – quantos, bamboo – bamboos, zoo – zoos, radio –
radios, piano – pianos
3. (a) एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी y असून त्यामागील अक्षर व्यंजन असेल, तर य च्या जागी i योजून त्याला
es प्रत्यय जोडतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Army
baby
sky
pony
lady
study
fly
city
body
puppy
remedy
country
biography
bobby
jimmy
cry armies
babies
skies
ponies
ladies
studies
flies
cities
bodies
puppies
remedies
countries
biographies
bobbies
jimmies
cries
(b) एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी y असून त्यामागील अक्षर स्वर असेल, तर अनेकवचन करताना फक्त s प्रत्यय
जोडतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Boy
bay
day
donkey
key
monkey
ray
toy
valley
way boys
bays
days
donkeys
keys
monkeys
rays
toys
valleys
ways
4. एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी f किंवा fe असेल, तर अनेकवचन करताना ती काढून त्या जागी ves प्रत्यय
जोडतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Half
calf
loaf
sheaf
leaf
wife
life
knife
thief
self
shelf
wolf halves
calves
loaves
sheaves
leaves
wives
lives
knives
thieves
selves
shelves
wolves
वरील नियमास अपवाद (exception) :
roof – roofs, proof – proofs, hoofs- hoofs, chief – chiefs, safe – safes, belief – beliefs,
handkerchief – handkerchiefs.
5. काही सामान्यनामांची अनेकवचनी रुपे कोणत्याही नियमानुसार न होता, वेगळ्याच तरहने होतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Ox
man
tooth
mouse
louse
die फासा
women
foot
goose
child oxen
men
teeth
mice
lice
dice
women
feet
geese
children
6. काही सामान्यनामांची एकवचनी व अनेकवचनी रुपे सारखीच असतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Deer
sheep
hair
fish
fruit
police
swine deer
sheep
hair
fish
fruit
police
swine
7. काही सामान्यनामांची रुपे अनेकवचनातच असतात.
e.g. people, cattle, wages, stairs, spectacles etc.
8. काही नामे अनेकवचनी दिसत असली, तरी त्यांचा वापर एकवचनीच असतो.
e.g. mathematics, physics, statistics, politics, news, innings, furniture, information, luggage
etc.
* Exercise *
[I] Make Plurals of :
(1) ox (2) child (3) story (4) knife (5) monkey (6) fox
(7) match (8) city (9) wolf (10) mouse
[II] Make Singulars of :
(1) dishes (2) wives (3) skies (4) feet (5) hair
(6) valleys (7) cries (8) dice (9) boxes (10) teeth.
[III] Fill in the blanks with proper words :
(1) The letter ……. written. (was / were)
(2) The …… is locked. (door / doors)
(3) One of the ……. ran away. (thieves / thief)
(4) Only one thing …… missing. (is / are)
(5) There are …… in the sky. (clouds / cloud)
[IV] Rewrite the following sentence by using the plural forms of the subjects :
(1) The bench is here.
(2) The thief has a ring in his finger.
(3) The watch is very old.
(4) That is my box.
(5) It is a child.
[V] Rewrite the following sentence by using the singular forms of the subjects :
(1) The trees are green in the spring.
(2) They have broken the glasses.
(3) Their teeth are not white.
(4) These are new dishes.
(5) The thieves have knives.
[VI] Complete the following table :
One Many
(i) leaf
(ii) ……
(iii) mouse
(iv) ……
(v) dish …….
countries
…….
Sheep
…….
ANSWERS
Number
[I] (1) oxen (2) children (3) stories (4) knives (5) monkeys (6) foxes (7) matches (8) cities (9) wolves (10) mice.
[II] (1) dish (2) wife (3) sky (4) foot (5) hair (6) valley (7) cry (8) die (9) box (10) tooth
[III] (1) was (2) door (3) thieves (4) is (5) clouds
[IV]
The benches are here. The thieves have rings in their fingers. The watches are very old. Those are our boxes. They are children.
[v]
The tree is green in the spring. He/she has broken a glass. His/her teeth are not white. This is a new dish. The thief has a knife.
Numbers
Gender (लिंग)
नामावरुन आपणास ते पुरुषजातीचे आहे की, स्त्रीजातीचे किंवा दोन्हीपैकी ते कोणत्याच जातीचे नाही, असे जे
कळते त्यास त्या नामाचे लिंग (Gender) असे म्हणतात.
· Kinds of Genders (लिंगाचे प्रकार):
1. Masculine Gender (मस्क्युलिन जेंडर) पुल्लिंग
2. Feminine Gender (फेमिनिन जेंडर) स्त्रीलिंग
3. Neuter Gender (न्यूटर जेंडर) नपुसकलिंग
4. Common Gender (कॉमन जेंडर) सामान्यलिंग
· प्रत्येक प्रकाराची माहिती:
1. Masculine Gender : ज्या नामावरुन पुरुषजातीचा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग Masuline Gender आहे असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. boy, man, king, bull, horse, etc.
2. Feminine Gender : ज्या नामावरुन स्त्रीजातीचा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग Feminine Gender आहे असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. girl, woman, queen, cow, mare, etc
3. Neuter Gender : ज्या नामावरुन निर्जीव वस्तू्चा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग Neuter Gender आहे असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. book, school, pen, table, field, wall, river, etc.
4. Common Gender : ज्या नामावरुन पुरुष आणि स्री अशा दोन्ही जातीचा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग
Common Gender आहे असे म्हणतात.
e.g. parents, child, student, bird, friend, animal, teacher, etc
· लिंग बदलण्याचे नियम:
(1) लिंग परिवर्तन करताना कोणताही prefix / suffix न जोडता बदल होणारी सामान्यनामे
[A] Human – kind :
Masculine Gender Feminine Gender
Boy
brother
father
gentleman
husband
king
lad
lord
man
Mr.
Nephew
Sir
Son
Uncle girl
sister
mother
lady
wife
queen
lass
lady
woman
Mrs.
niece
Madam
daughter
aunt
[B] Birds :
cock
drake
gander hen
duck
goose
[C] Beasts :
billy (बोकड)
buck (काळवीट)
bull
bullock
colt (a young horse)
dog
horse
ox
fox
ram (मेंढा)
stag (काळवीट)
stallion (वळू घोडा)
tom - cat nanny
doe
cow
heifer (a young cow)
filly (a young mare)
bitch
mare
cow
vixen
ewe
doe
mare
queen – cat
(2) लिंग परिवर्तन करताना काही पुल्लिंगी सामान्यनामांना ‘ess’ प्रत्यय (suffix) जोडून स्त्रीलिंगी नामे तयार होतात ः
[A] Human – kind :
actor
auther
conductor (मार्गदर्शक)
emperor
giant (राक्षस)
God
heir (वारस)
host
hunter
manager
mayor
master
poet
priest
prince
shepherd
waiter
[B] Beasts :
lion
tiger actress
authoress
conductress
empress
giantess
Goddess
heiress
hostess
huntress
manageress
mayoress
mistress
poetess
priestess
princess
shepherdess
waitress
lioness
tigress
(3) काही सामान्यनामांच्यापूर्वी किंवा नंतर लिंगभेद दाखविणारा विशिष्ठ शब्द जोडून दोन्ही लिंगाची ओळख होते:
father-in-law
grandfather
grandson
landlord
milkman
manservant
peacock
fisherman mother-in-law
grandmother
granddaughter
landlady
milkmaid
maidservant
peahen
fisherwoman
(4) काही सामान्यनामे दोन्ही लिंगामध्ये वापरली जातात. त्यांची ओळख होण्यासाठी वर्णन करताना he / she चा
उल्लेख करावा लागतो ः
e.g. Our cook is ill. My mother cooks today in her absence.
येथे cook हे स्त्रीलिंगी नाम आहे.
he – cook she – cook
* Exercise *
[I] Change the gender :
(1) mare (2) God (3) bitch (4) poet (5) uncle
(6) princess (7) cock (8) lord (9) lioness (10) host.
[II] Match the proper pairs of genders :
Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’
(1) son
(2) niece
(3) husband
(4) king
(5) lady wife
queen
gentleman
daughter
nephew
[III] Rewrite the following sentence by changing the gender of underlined word / words :
(1) She has a doll.
(2) Mother is working in the field.
(3) The prince was not happy.
(4) The farmer saw a lion and began to run.
(5) My father likes to keep hens.
[IV] Complete the following table :
Masculine Gender Feminine Gender
(i) tiger
(ii) …….
(iii) lord
(iv) ……
(v) grandfather ……..
woman
……..
hostess
……..
ANSWERS
Gender
[I] (1) horse (2) goddess (3) dog (4) poetess (5) aunt (6) prince (7) hen (8) lady (9) lion (10) hostess
[II] (1) son-daughter (2) niece-nephew (3) husband-wife (4) king-queen (5) lady-gentleman/lord
[III]
He has a doll. The princess was not happy. The farmer saw a lioness and began to run. My father likes to keep cocks.
[IV] (1) tigress (2) man (3) lady (4) host (5) grandmother.
Gender (लिंग)
Case (विभक्ती)
नामे व सर्वनामे यांचे वाक्यातील क्रियापदांशी किंवा इतर शब्दांशी येणारे संबंध ज्या विकारांनी दाखवले जातात,
त्या विकारांना विभक्ती (Case) असे म्हणतात.
Kinds of Cases (विभक्तींचे प्रकार):
इंग्रजीमध्ये विभक्तींचे प्रमुख सहा प्रकार आहेत. याशिवाय इतर विभक्तींचे अर्थ prepositions वापरुन व्यक्त
करतात.
1. Nominative Case (नॉमेनेटिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) प्रथमा विभक्तीः
क्रियापदाचा कर्ता असणारे नाम प्रथमा विभक्तीत असते. म्हणजेच कर्त्याची विभक्ती प्रथमा असते.
e.g. Monica reads a book. (प्रथमा)
Kedar is playing with Ganpat. (प्रथमा)
* नामांची प्रथमेची व द्‍वितीयेची रुपे समान असतात.
2. Objective Case / Accusative Case (द्वितीया विभक्ती)-
क्रियापदाचे कर्म असणा-या नामाची द्वितीया विभक्ती असते. म्हणजेच कर्माचे विभक्ती द्वितीया असते.
e.g. Kapil caught a ball. (द्वितीया)
John sold caps. (द्वितीया)
3. Dative Case (डेटिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) चतुर्थी विभक्तीः
काही वाक्यांमध्ये प्रधान कर्म (Direct Object) आणि गौण कर्म (Indirect Object) अशी दोन कर्मे असतात.
e.g. I gave him a book.
Direct Object : a book (द्वितीया) आणि Indirect Object : him (चतुर्थी)
टीप ः (a) जी वस्तू दिली जाते ते Direct Object असल्याने त्याची द्वितीया विभक्ती असते, तर ज्याला ती दिली जाते
ते Indirect Object असल्याने त्याची चतुर्थी विभक्ती असते. वरील वाक्य I gave a book to him असेही
लिहितात.
(b) सर्वनामांची द्वितीया व चतुर्थी रुपे सारखीच असतात.
e.g. I love him. (द्वितीया)
I gave him a book. (चतुर्थी)
4. Ablative Case पंचमी विभक्तीः
वियोग दाखविण्यासाठी पंचमी विभक्ती वापरतात.
e.g. I got a letter from my friend.
5. Possessive Case (पझेसिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) षष्ठी विभक्तीः (Genitive Case)
ताबा / मालकी हक्क दाखविण्यासाठी वापरलेले नाम किंवा सर्वनाम षष्ठी विभक्तीत असते.
e.g. Rama’s book. (षष्ठी)
टीपः (a) नामाला ‘s’ प्रत्यय लावला म्हणजे त्या नामाचे षष्ठी विभक्तीचे रुप तयार होते.
(b) येथे ‘s’ = चा, ची, चे, च्या, of (ऑफ) – चा, ची, चे, च्या.
Formaton of the possessive case :
(1) एकवचनी नामाच्या शेवटी ‘s’ जोडून षष्ठी विभक्तीचे रुप तयार होते.
e.g. warrior’s sword, Lord Rama’s court.
(2) s ने शेवट होणा-या अनेकवचनी सामान्यनामांची षष्ठी विभक्ती करताना फक्त Apostrophe जोडतात.
e.g. girl’s hostel.
(3) s ने शेवट न होणा-या अनेकवचनी सामान्यनामांची षष्ठी विभक्ती करताना ‘s’ जोडतात.
e.g. sheep’s wool, oxen’s horns.
(4) निर्जीव वस्तूंची षष्ठी विभक्ती ‘s’ प्रत्यय लावून तयार होत नाही. त्यासाठी of चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Name of a village (गावाचे नाव)
Hand of a chair (खुर्चीचा हात)
6. Vocative Case (व्हॉकेटिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) संबोधन विभक्तीः
मराठीप्रमाणेच हाक मारण्यासाठी वापरतात.
e.g. Mother said, “Stop it, girls”. (संबोधन)
Father said, “Krishna, come in”. (संबोधन)
Learn this :
विभक्ती (case) उदाहरण (examples) वाक्ये (sentence)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f) Nominative Case
Objective Case
Dative Case
Ablative Case
Possessive Case
Vocative Case child
child
to/for child
by/with/from the child
child’s
O child The child is playing.
Mother embraces her child.
She gave a doll to the child.
The cat caught a ball thrownby the child.
It is that child’s toy.
Mother said, “O child, come here”.
* Exercise *
State the case of the underlined words :
(1) Dhira was a shoe-shine boy.
(2) They won a great victory.
(3) Granny pushed him away.
(4) I took the torch.
(5) “Pandora , what are you thinking of?” exclaimed Epimetheus.
(6) They returned me some rupees.
(7) Where do you find Monica’s book?
(8) The hunter caught a lion in the net.
(9) The teacher asked his students to keep quiet.
(10) Meena’s school bag wasn’t found.
ANSWERS
Case
[I] (1) Nominative Case (2) Objective case (3) Nominative Case (4) Objective Case (5) Vocative Case (6) me:Dative Case, some rupees: Objective Case, (7) Possessive Case (8) Objective Case (9) Nominative Case, Objective Case (10) Possessive Case.
Case (विभक्ती)
Punctuation (विरामचिन्हे भरण्याचे नियम)
वाक्यामध्ये बोलताना किंवा लिहिताना थोडे थांबावे लागते. थांबणे यालाच विराम असे म्हणतात. विराम
दर्शविण्यासाठी लिखाण करताना आपण जी चिन्हे वापरतो, त्यांनाच विरामचिन्हे (Punctuation Marks) असे
म्हणतात.
* Punctuation marks are very important in writing as they in expressing appropriate meaning.
विरामचिन्हे खालीलप्रमाणे आहेतः
(1) Full Stop (पूर्णविराम) (2) Comma (स्वल्पविराम)
(3) Semicolon (अर्धविराम) (4) Colon (अपूर्णविराम)
(5) Question-mark ( प्रश्नचिन्ह) (6) Exaclamation-mark (उद्‍गारचिन्ह)
(7)Quotation Makrs (अवतरणचिन्हे) (8) Apostrophe (षष्ठीदर्शक चिन्ह)
(9) Dash (अपसारणचिन्हे) (10) Hyphen (संयोगचिन्ह)
(11) Caret (काकपद) (12) Parentheses (गोल कंस)
(13) Capital Letter (‘A’) (14) Ellipsis (शब्दलोप)
(15) Slash/Oblique (पर्यायसूचक तिरकस चिन्ह)
विरामचिन्हांची माहितीः
(1) Full Stop [.] : (a) पूर्णविराम हे चिन्ह विधानार्थी व आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी वापरतात.
e.g. I am writing a letter.
Please write soon.
(b) संक्षेपानंतर किंवा नावाच्या आद्याक्षरानंतर सुध्दा या चिन्हाचा वापर केला जातो.
e.g. M.A. = Master of Arts.
Mr. V.P. Sing : Mr. Vishwanath Pratap sing.
(2) Comma [,] : The comma (,) is used to mark the shortest pause in a sentence. It helps the
reader to understand the sentence in a better way.
* The comma is used to separate three or more words of the sane part of speech.
e.g. Ganga, Yamuna, Kaveri, Koyana and Godavari are some of the speech.
* It also separates words, phrases or clauses inserted into the body of a sentence.
e.g. He gasped, he panted and collaps on the floor.
* Complex Sentence मध्ये मुख्य उपवाक्याच्या कर्त्यांनंतर Relative Pronoun वापरलेले असेल, तर गौण
उपवाक्याच्या दोन्ही बाजूला स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. My son, who is a doctor, treated him.
* Complex Sentence मध्ये वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस गौण उपवाक्य वापरलेले असेल, तर त्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम
देतात.
e.g. If you want to please me, follow my teachings.
* Verbal questions ची उत्तरे yes/no ने देताना त्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Is it right?
Yes, it is.
* नामे व शब्दसमूह यांचा संबंध स्पष्ट करताना स्वल्पविराम वापर करतात.
e.g. His father, a judge, tried this case.
* Reported Speech ची विभागणी दोन भागात केलेली असल्यास स्वल्पविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. “Madam,” he said, “I am terrible sorry for being late”.
* Reported Speech मधील कर्म सुरुवातीस असेल, तर त्यानंतर; शेवटी असेल त्यापूर्वी आणि मध्ये असेल तर
त्याच्या दोन्ही बाजूला स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. The teacher said, “Krishna, come here.”
The shopkeeper asked, “What do you want, Gopal?”
* तारीख लिहिताना स्वल्पविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. November 5, किंवा 2007 5th November,2007
* पत्राचा मायना (salutation) लिहिल्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Dear Friend, किंवा Dear Mother,
* पत्राचे हस्तांतरण (subscription) लिहिल्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Yours Faithfully, किंवा Yours Affectionately,
* वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस वापरलेल्या Discourse Market नंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Finally, we try to combine forces.
* Reported Speech सुरुवातीला असेल, तर त्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. “ I want to be a doctor,” he said.
* Direct Speech मध्ये Reporting Verb ला कर्म असेल, तर त्यानंतर आणि कर्म नसेल, तर Reporting Verb
नंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. He said to her, “I am going to school”.
He said, “I have a book”.
(3) Senmicolon [;] : The semicolon marks a longer pause than the comma. It is usually followed
by conjunctions like ‘and’ , ‘but’ , ‘or’.
* The semicolon is used to separate the clauses of a compound sentence.
e.g. This man looks very cruel ; however, he is harmless.
Keep the dog tied indoors ; else it may bite some stranger.
* एकमेकांशी संबंधीत दोन मुख्य उपवाक्ये conjunction ऐवजी semicolon चा वापर करुन जोडतात. अशा
वाक्यांमध्ये semicolon चा वापर अधिक प्रभावी वाटतो.
e.g. Life is a struggle; a great life means a great struggle.
You are an ass; get out!
(4) Colon [:] :
(a) तपशील, क्रम किंवा यादी देताना अपूर्णविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. The great rivers in India are : Ganga, Yamuna, Krishna and Godavari.
(b) स्पष्टीकरण देण्यासाठी सुद्‍धा अपूर्णविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. Gandhiji’s idea about true religion is : we thought to love each other.
(5) Question-Mark [?] : प्रश्नार्थाक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. What kind of books do you want?
(6) Exclamation-mark [!] :
(a) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या शेवटी उद्‍गारचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. What a beautiful scene it is!
How silly you are!
(b) उद्‍गारवाचक शब्दानंतर किंवा केवलप्रयोगी अव्ययानंतर उद्‍गारचिन्ह वापरतात.
e.g. Alas! She is died of hunger.
(7) Quotation Marks / Inverted Commas [“……” or ‘……’] :
(a) Mother said, “The bell is very nice.”
(b) एखाद्या शब्दावर / शब्दसमूहावर जोर देण्यासाठी किंवा लक्ष केंद्रित करण्यासाठी एकेरी अवतरणचिन्हे
वापरतात.
e.g. Gandhiji was greatly impressed by reading the book ‘Unto This last.’
(8) Apostrophe [‘] :
(a) षष्ठी विभक्ती स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी Apostrophe चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Seet’s book, Pankaj’s parents.
(b) शब्दाचे संक्षिप्तरुप लिहिताना Apostrophe चा वापर करतात.
e.g. do not = don’t. does not = doesn’t
it is = it’s will not = won’t
(c) ‘s’ ने शेवट होणाय्रा नामांची षष्टी विभक्ती दाखवताना फक्त Apostrophe वापरतात. पुन्हा s जोडत नाही.
e.g. Girls’ hostel.
(9) Dash [----] :
(a) वाक्यातील विचार पुढे मांडण्याची आवश्यकता नसल्यास Dash चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The Tree King shouted, “Stop Rohanta, don’t move. There is a—“
(b) विचार प्रक्रियेतील अकस्मात होणारा बदल दर्शविण्यासाठी Dash चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The main theme of my story is this ----, but do you have time to listen to me?
(10) Hypen [-] :
(a) दोन शब्द जोडण्यासाठी संयोगचिन्ह वापरतात.
e.g. Peace-maker, mother-in law.
(b) ओळीच्या शेवटी शब्द अपूर्ण राहिल्यास संयोगचिन्ह वापरतात.
(11) Caret [^] : शब्दातील एखादे अक्षर किंवा वाक्यातील शब्द दाखविण्यासाठी काकपद वापरतात.
brave d
e.g. a) Shivaji was a ^ king b) Mohan ^ as
(12) Paremthesis : गोल कंस ः याचा उपयोग वाक्यात नसलेल्या वाक्यांशाला मुख्य वाक्यापासून वेगळे
करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. God pleased and gave him a boon (it was all he dreamed) to conquer the world.
(13) Capital letters [‘A’] : प्रत्येक वाक्याचे, काव्यपंक्तीचे, विशेषनामाचे आणि अवतरणचिन्हांतील पहिले
अक्षर Capital letter मध्ये लिहीतात.
e.g. India is my country.
(14) Ellipsis [….] : ही तीन-चार टिंबांची मालिका असते. काहीतरी चुकलेले वगळायचे आहे असे वाटत असताना
Ellipsis चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Hmm…. I might need your help later in order to save your uncle’s honour.
(15) Slash [/] : पर्याय, संक्षेप, कालखंड दर्शविण्यासाठी Slash वापरतात.
e.g. He likes managoes / apples.
c/o (care of)
They won the World Cup 1983 / 84
विरामचिन्हे भरण्याचे नियम ः
(1) विधानार्थी व आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
e.g. I read a book. Save a rupee everyday.
(2) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. What do you want?
(3) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या शेवटी उद्‍गारवाचक चिन्ह देतात.
e.g. How nice it is!
(4) प्रत्येक वाक्याचे पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. Service to man is service to God.
(5) विशेषनामाचे पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहीतात.
e.g. Kedar, Monica, Maharashtra, India etc.
(6) I हे प्रथम पुरुषी एकवचनी सर्वनाम पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
(7) अवतरणचिन्हांमधील पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. Kedar said, “This book belongs to me”.
(8) देवाशी संबंधीत नामे व पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. God is Almighty.
(9) O हे केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. O God! What did you do?
(10) Reported Speech अवतरणचिन्हांमधील लिहून त्यापूर्वी स्वल्पविराम देतात. अवतरणचिन्हांमधील पहिले
अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहीतात.
(11) काव्यपंक्तीचे पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. What does little birdie say?
Some more examples solved for practice :
Punctuate the following :
(1) She said it is an excellent piece
She said, “it is an excellent piece!”
(2) She said mum you are great
She said, “mum, you are great!”
(3) Why are we here asked a boy to his mother
“Why are we here?” asked a boy to his mother.
(4) why to help others of course she replied
“why, to help others, of course”, she replied.
(5) the robber shouted I am a robber
The robber shouted, “I am a robber.”
(6) I am not your friend said the robber
“I am not your friend,” said the robber.
(7) I study hindi marathi english and sanskrit
I study Hindi, Marathi, English and Sanskrit.
(8) neha said let him take it
Neha said, ”Let him take it”.
(9) no I said I dont want a basket
“No” , I said, “ I don’t want a basket”.
(10) who is payal I asked sambhuda
“Who is Payal?” I asked Sambhuda.
(11) it is a fantastic feeling rathore said
“It is a fantastic feeling”, Rathore said.
(12) temple said I will help you
Temple said, “I will help you.”
(13) yes sunny I will says robbi
“Yes, sunny, I will,” says Robbi.
(14) buddha said do not waste your engery praising me
Buddha said, “Do not waste your engery praising me.”
(15) no of course not he answered
“No, of course not,” he answered.
* Exercise *
Punctuate the following :
(1) she said dear mum and dad you are working too hard
(2) i love you both she said.
(3) mother said to me with a smile foods ready
(4) kamala my younger sister is more promising
(5) she said how great you are mum
(6) she said what an excellent piece it is
(7) alas how miserable i am the poor begger cried out
(8) and what are the others here for asked the boy
(9) sadhu vaswani would ask did you meet him on the road
(10) she asked who are your parents
(11) the robber shouted give me whatever money you have
(12) you can kill me but i have one request said the blind man
(13) whatever you see here you take away replied the blind man
(14) okay finish it soon said the robber
(15) then at 12 oclock carters phone rang
(16) there was however no lighting no thunder storm only uproar
(17) live long Mumbai we love you
(18) well what are you he asked her
(19) in the case of a writer it is his struggler with words plots image ideas that defines happiness
(20) I say to myself this is mine
ANSWERS
Punctuation
She said, “Dear Mum and Dad, you are working too hard!” “I love you both!” she said. Mother said to me with a smile, “food’s ready!” Kamala, my younger sister, is more promising. She said, “How great you are mum!” She said, “What an excellent piece it is!” “Alas! How misesrable I am!” the poor beggar cried out. “And what are the others here for?” asked the boy. Sadhu Vasvani would ask, “Did you meet him on the road?” She asked, “Who are your parents?” The robber shouted, “Give me whatever money you have.” “Whatever you see here you can take away,” replied the blind man. “You can kill me but I have one request,” said the blind man. “Okey. Finish it soon,” said the robber. Then at 12 o’clock Carter’s phone rang. There was, however, no lightening, no thunder and no storm, only uproar. Live long Mumbai, we love you! “Well, what are you?” he asked her. In the case of a writer, it is his struggle with words, plots, images, ideas that defines happiness. I say to myself, “This is mine.” What a grand reception everyone gave!
Punctuation (विरामचिन्हे भरण्याचे नियम)
Sentence and its parts (वाक्य व त्याचे भाग)
[I] Word :
क्रमबद्‍ध अर्थपूर्ण अक्षरांच्या समूहास शब्द (Word) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. ant, boy, cow, dog, egg, book, meat, door, etc.
टीपः (a) शब्द मुळाक्षरांनी तयार होतो. e.g. cow (c, o, w)
(b) शब्दांमध्ये अक्षरांचा क्रमाला महत्त्व असते.
(c) फक्त अक्षरांचा समूह म्हणजे शब्द नव्हे.
e.g. owc हा अक्षरांचा समूह आहे, पण शब्द नाही. त्यासाठी अक्षरांचा क्रमाला महत्त्व आहे. क्रम बदलून cow
हा अर्थपूर्ण शब्द तयार होतो.
काही अर्थपूर्ण शब्दः
student, school, teacher, class, black-board, chalk, book, notebook, study, exercise,
lesson, homework, sir, madam, headmaster playground, holiday, etc.
[II] Phrase :
काहीतरी अर्थ असलेल्या परंतू पूर्ण अर्थबोध न करणाय्रा शब्दांच्या समूहास वाक्यांश (Phrase) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. The children are swimming in the river.
The dog is sleeping under a bush.
The sky is over our heads.
The cat jumps upon the table.
* वरील वाक्यांमध्ये अनुक्रमे in the river, under a bush, over our heads, upon the table हे वाक्यांश
(phrases) आहेत. त्यांना अर्थ आहे, पण तो पूर्ण नाही.
· वैशिष्ट्येः (i) phrase हा श्ब्दांचा समूह आहे. phrase मध्ये कमीत कमी एक शब्द सुद्‍धा असू शकतो.
(A phrase is a small group of words. It may consist of one or more words.)
(ii) It makes sense but not complete sense. It has no subject.
(iii) A phrase may also embed a clause. (वाक्यांमध्ये उपवाक्ये देखील सामावलेले असते.)
e.g. This is the temple that Ahilyabai built. या वाक्यात अधोरेखित भाग phrase आहे आणि that
Ahilyabai built हा clause आहे.
· Kinds of phrases :
(1) Noun Phrase : Rajesh knew when to get up.
(2) Adjective Phrase : Do you see the girl selling baskets?
(3) Adverb Phrase : The elephant walks very slowly.
(4) Verb Phrase : They may have been working since morning.
(5) Preposition Phrase : The children were swimming in the river.
[III] Clause
एकाच वाक्यामध्ये अनेक वाक्यांना समूह असून प्रत्येक वाक्यात स्वतंत्र उद्‍देश व विधेय असते, अशा प्रत्येक
वाक्याला उपवाक्य किंवा पोटवाक्य (Clause) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Gopal works in the garden and Seeta works in the kitchen.
या वाक्यात (i) Gopal works in the garden आणि Seeta works in the kitchen अशी दोन स्वतंत्र वाक्ये
आहेत. प्रत्येक वाक्यात उद्‍देश (Subject) आणि विधेय (predicate) आहेत. अशा प्रत्येक वाक्याला clause असे
म्हणतात.
· The Elements of the clause :
The five elements of the clause are : (1) Subject (S) (2) Verb (V) (3) Object (O) (4)
Complements (C) (5) Adverbial (A) [from 2 to 5 is known as predicate.]
e.g. Indian voters recently elected Mrs. Pratibhatai Patil, the President of India.
* वरील वाक्यात Indian voters (S), recently (A), elected (V), Mrs. Pratibhatai Patil (O), the
President of India (C).
[IV] Sentence
क्रमबद्‍ध अर्थपूर्ण शब्दांच्या समूहास वाक्य (Sentence) असे म्हणतात. कर्ता, क्रियापद व इतर शब्द मिळून वाक्य
तयार होते. उद्‍देश व विधेय हे वाक्याचे प्रमूख भाग आहेत.
e.g. I love my country. (मी माझ्या देशावर प्रेम करतो.)
Children love toys. (मुलांना खेळ्णी आवडतात.)
John sold caps. (जॉन टोप्या विकत असे.)
टीप ः (a) वाक्य शब्दांनी तयार होते.
(b) वाक्यामध्ये शब्दांच्या क्रमाला महत्त्व असते. फक्त शब्दांचा समूह म्हणजे वाक्य नव्हे. e.g. I love children
toys हा शब्दांचा समूह आहे, पण वाक्य नाही. त्यासाठी त्यांचा योग्य तो क्रम बदलून children love toys
असे अर्थपूर्ण वाक्य तयार होते.
(b) वाक्यात कमीत कमी कर्ता व क्रियापद असावेच लागतात.
e.g. I play.
(d) वाक्यांनी परिच्छेद तयार होतो.
e.g. shivaji was brave and noble. He loved his country very much. He did his best to
free his country. Mavalas stood by him in sun and shower.
· Parts of the Sentence :
* प्रत्येक वाक्याचे दोन भाग असतातः
(1) Subject, (2) Predicate
(1) Subject (उद्देश्य) : वाक्यामध्ये ज्या विषयी बोलेल जाते त्याला Subject असे म्हणतात.
e.g. John sold caps या वाक्यात John हा शब्द subject आहे.
(2) Predicate (विधेय) - उद्देशाबद्दल आपण जे सांगतो, त्यालाच Predicate असे म्हणतात.
e.g. या वाक्यात sold caps हे Predicate आहे.
टीपः (a) Subject कर्त्याचे कार्य करतो.
(b) Predicate मध्ये क्रियापद व क्रम यांचा समावेश असतो.
(c) वाक्याची रचना = Subject + Predicate
= Subject + Verb + Object
= S + V + O अशी असते.
· Learn this :
(i) The king was impressed.
Subject Predicate
(ii) They lived in a small hut.
Subject Predicate
· Kinds of the sentence
वाक्याचे चार प्रकार आहेतः
(1) Assertive Sentence (Statement) विधानार्थी वाक्ये
(2) Interrogative Sentence (Questions) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये
(3) Imperative Sentence (Commands) आज्ञार्थी वाक्ये
(4) Exclamatory Sentence (Exclamations) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्ये
· प्रत्येक वाक्याच्या प्रकारची माहितीः
(1) Assertive Sentence विधानार्थी वाक्ये :
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये सामान्य विधान केलेले असते, त्याला Assertive Sentence असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Kedar is playing in the garden.
Monica works hard.
Deepa wept loudly.
टीपः (a) विधानार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस कर्ता वापरतात.
(b) विधानार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
(c) विधानार्थी वाक्य Affirmative आणि Negative अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Shankar likes reading. (Affirmative)
Shankar does not like reading. (Negative)
2. Interrogative Sentence ( प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये ) :
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये प्रश्न विचारलेला असतो, त्या वाक्याला Interrogative Sentence असे म्हणतात.
e.g. What is your name?
Where do you live?
Who are you?
टीप ः (a) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम/ क्रियाविशेषण किंवा साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वापरतात.
(b) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
(c) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याचे वर्गीकरणः
(i) प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामांनी किंवा प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषणांनी सुरु होणारी.
(ii) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांनी सुरु होणारी.
(d) प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामेः who, what, whom, which, whose.
(e) प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषणेः where, when, why, how.
(f) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदेः am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, dare,
should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must, need, ought, to, used, to.
(g) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य होकारार्थी व नकारार्थी अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Who do you take part in this competition? (होकारार्थी)
Why don’t you take part in this competition? (नकारार्थी)
3. Imperative Sentence ( आज्ञार्थी वाक्य ):
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये आज्ञा, विनंती, उपदेश, हुकूम, प्रार्थना इत्यादी भावना व्यक्त केलेल्या असतात, त्या वाक्याला असे
Imperative Sentence म्हणतात.
e.g. Help me, my son.
Open that window.
Don’t go that way again.
Stop it, girls.
Pardon me, Sir.
Forgive me, Madam.
Please give me your book.
टीपः (a) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप वापरतात.
e.g. help, open, go, stop, pardon, forgive, give, etc.
(b) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य नकारार्थी असेल तर सुरुवातीस don’t चा वापर करतात.
(c) आज्ञार्थी वाक्यामध्ये विनंती असेल, तर सुरुवातीस please शब्द वापरतात. कधी कधी please हा
विनंतीदर्शक शब्द वाक्याच्या शेवटी सुद्‍धा वापरतात. माञ त्यापूर्वी स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Please help me.
Help me, please.
(d) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
(e) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य होकारार्थी अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Don’t cry again. (Negative)
Stop writing. (Afirmative)
(f) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या कर्ता you अध्याह्त (understood) असतो.
4. Exclamatory Sentence उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्य ः
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये हर्ष, खेद, आश्चर्य, तिरस्कार, भिती, दुःख इत्यादी मानवविकार व्यक्त केलेले असतात, त्यावाक्याला
Exclamatory Sentence असे म्हणतात.
e.g. What a strange dream it is!
How kind you are!
टीप ः (a) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस what,how, alas, oh, hurrah असे शब्द वापरतात.
(b) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या शेवटी उद्‍गारचिन्ह देतात.
(c) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्य फक्त होकारार्थी रुपातच व्यक्त करता येते.
(d) Optative Sentence :
e.g. May God bless you, my child!
अशा वाक्यांना इच्छादर्शक वाक्ये असे म्हणतात. यांच्या सुरुवातीस May चा वापर करतात. शेवटी उद्‍गारचिन्ह
देतात.
· Learn and Remember :
(1) A word consists of one or more syllables.
(2) A phrase consists of one or more words.
(3) A clause consists of one more phrase.
(4) A sentence consists of one more clauses.
e.g. (1) The dog/was sleeping/under a bush.
* phrases : (i) The dog (ii) was sleeping (iii) under a bush.
* sentence : The dog was sleeping under a bush. (one clause)
(2) I get what I want.
* clause : (i) I get (ii) what I want.
* sentence : I get what I want. (two clause)
· सरावासाठी प्रत्यक्ष सोडवून दिलेले काही प्रश्नः
[I] Divide the following sentence into two parts i.e. subject and predicate :
(i) My daughter is expert in flattering me.
(ii) The opposite of love is hate.
(iii) The children could not believe it.
(iv) The blind musician was sleeping on the floor.
(v) Chinmay kicked it out of the train.
No. Subject Predicate
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) My daughter
The opposite of love
The children
The blind musician
Chinmay is expert in flattering me.
is not hate.
could not believe it.
Was sleeping on the floor.
Kicked it out of the train.
[II] Identify the kinds of sentence :
(i) Who is Payal?
Interrogative sentence.
(ii) My Robbi is made of shining metals.
Assertaive sentence.
(iii) Bring me milk.
Imperative sentence.
(iv) What an excellent piece it is!
Exclametory sentence.
* Exercise *
[I] Divide the following sentence into two parts i.e. subjects and precicate :
(1) Mother was busying herself in the kitchen.
(2) Lonar village is about 800 kilometres from Mumbai.
(3) Copies were made by experts on the paintings.
(4) A bird sanctuary has developed here since 1950.
(5) Matheran is very shady.
(6) Buddha was not flattered by this praise.
(7) This cycle repeats herself day after day.
(8) Bhimsen loved music.
(9) My grandfather sold the house.
(10) People in India use trees in many different ways.
[II] Identify the kinds of sentence :
(1) Children make toys with the outer husk and shell.
(2) What is Robbi made of?
(3) Came on, Robbi!
(4) Can I come with you?
(5) The thief picked up the handbag.
(6) Let me you are, Mum!
(7) What are the others here for?
(8) What an exciting tour it is!
(9) I love you both!
[III] Join parts from ‘A’ to those in ‘B’ to from meaningful sentences :
‘A’ ‘B’
(i) Mother
(ii) The nighbours
(iii) The robber
(iv) The thief
(v) Buddha Gives us little things from time to time.
taught his followers to be kind to others.
whipped out his knife.
was busying herself in the kitchen.
picked up his dagger.
ANSWERS
Sentence and its parts
No. Subject Predicate
Mother Was busying herself in the kitchen.
Lonar village Is about 800 kilometres from Mumbai
Copies Were made by experts on the paintings.
A bird sanctuary Has developed here since 1950
Matheran Is very shady
Buddhda Was not flattered by this praise
This cycle Repeats herself day after day
Bhimsen Loved music.
My grandfather Sold the house.
10. People in India Use trees in many different ways.
[II] (1) Assertive Sentence (2) Interrogative Sentence (3) Imperative Sentence (4) Interrogative Sentence (5) Assertive Sentence (6) Imperative Sentence (7) Exclamatory Sentence (8) Interrogative Sentence (9) Exclamatory Sentence (10) Assertive Sentence.
[III] (1) Mother was busying herself in the kitchen.
(1) The nighbours give us little things from time to time.
(2) The robber picked up his dagger.
(3) The thief whipped out his knife.
(4) Buddha taught his followers to be kind to others.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य)
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये प्रश्न विचारलेला असतो, त्या वाक्याला प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य (Interrogative Sentence) असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. Do you know it? [Verbal question or yes/no type question]
Where do you live? [Wh-question]
· Kinds of Interrogative Sentence :
[I] Verbal questions or yes/no type questions :
साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांनी सुरु होणा-या प्रश्नांना Verbal quations असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Did you brush your teeth properly, Sarika?
May I come in, Sir?
Shall I fix a piece of jam and bread for you?
टीप ः (i) Verbal question च्या सुरुवातीस साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वापरतात.
(ii) Verbal question चे उत्तर yes किंवा no ने देतात. yes किंवा no नंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
(iii) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदेः am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, will,
should, would, can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought, to, used to.
(iv) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे फक्त साधा वर्तमानकाळ व साधा भूतकाळ असणाय्रा होकारार्थी वाक्यात वापरले
नसते. Verbal question तयार साध्या वर्तमानकाळात I, we, you, they, हे कर्ते असताना do आणि he,
she, it हे कर्ते असताना does हे साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस वापरतात, तर साध्या
भूतकाळात did चा वापर करतात.
e.g. (a) The students understand the problem.
Do the students understands the problem?
(b) The students understands the problems.
Does the students understand the problem?
* Does वापरताना मूळ क्रियापदास लागलेले ‘s’ किंवा ‘es’ प्रत्यय काढून टाकतात.
(c) The students understand the problem.
Did the student understand the problem?
* Did चा वापर करताना भूतकाळी क्रियापदाचे वर्तमानकाळी रुप लिहितात.
understand = Did ………. understand.
(v) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह (?) देतात.
[II] Wh – question :
प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामांनी / क्रियाविशेषणांनी सुरु होणा-या प्रश्नांना Wh-question असे म्हणतात.
e.g. What does the word ‘robot’ mean?
Where was Mohandas born?
टीप ः (i) Wh-question च्या सुरुवातीस प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषण वापरतात.
(ii) Wh-question मध्ये प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषणानंतर साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वापरतात.
(iii) Wh-question चे उत्तर पूर्ण वाक्यात देतात.
(iv) प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामे ः what, which, who, whose, whom.
(v) प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषणे ः where, when, why, how.
(vi) प्रश्न कोणत्याही प्रकारचा असो, त्यामूळे साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद असतेच.
· How to frame a Wh-question?
He lives in a hut.
Where does he live?
टीप ः (i) Wh-question तयार करताना सुरुवातीस प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषण वापरतात.
(ii) in a hut हा अधोरेखित भाग असून ते तयार होणा-या प्रश्नाचे उत्तर आहे; म्हणून त्याचा प्रश्नामध्ये समावेश
केलेला नाही. त्याऐवजी सुरुवातीस where हे प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषण वापरले.
(iii) lives वरुन साध्या वर्तमानकाळाचा बोध होतो; म्हणून where नंतर does हे साहाय्यकारी वापरुन ‘s’ चा
लोप केला.
(iv) Wh-question ची रचनाः प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषण + साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद + कर्ता + मुख्य
क्रियापद + predicate चा उरलेला भाग.
e.g. People met him on the road.
Where did people meet him?
[III] Rhetorical question :
हा अलंकारिक प्रश्न असतो. वक्ता व श्रोता यांच्यामध्ये सुसंवाद साधण्यासाठी वक्तृत्वपूर्ण भाषाशैलीचा वापर करुन
वक्ता आपले म्हणणे भारदस्त शब्दांच्या मदतीने श्रोत्याच्या मनावर बिंबविण्याचा प्रयत्न करीत असतो. त्याचे उत्तर
प्रश्नातच सामावलेले असते.
e.g. How can a letter contain it?
हा Rhetorical question आहे. अशा प्रकारचे प्रश्न माहिती मिळविण्यासाठी विचारलेले नसतात. फक्त जोर
देऊन मुद्‍दा मांडणे एवढाच त्याचा हेतू असतो.
e.g. (1) How can a letter contain it?
(2) Is it fair?
टीप ः Rhetorical question हा Verbal question किंवा Wh-question च्या रुपात मांडता येतो.
· Some more examples for practice :
[I] Change the following statements into ‘verbal question’ :
(1) Business followed the same pattern.
Did business follow the same pattern?
(2) Gandiji had a golden touch.
Had Gandiji a golden touch?
(3) The children enjoy themsellevs thoroughly/
Do the children enjoy themselves thoroughly?
(4) I shall make coffe for you.
Shall I make coffe for you?
(5) We are civilized now.
Are we civilized now?
· Learn this :
* Question that can be answered either in ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ from are called ‘yes/no type questions’
Or ‘ verbal questions’.
* Verbal question are formed by placing the helping verb before the subject putting a question
mark at the end.
* Verbal question are formed by using helping verb ‘do’ before the subject, when the sentence
does not have (i) the verb ‘be’ (ii) the verb ‘have’ (iii) the model verb. (Helping verbs ‘do’,
‘does’, ‘did’ are used form question where a helping verb is absent in a statement.
[II] Frame a ‘Wh-question’ to get the underlined parts as the answer :
(1) Our route took us to Jaipur.
Where did our route take us?
(2) We saw pretty village of Tamil Nadu.
What did we see?
(3) India’s main enemy was poverty.
What was India’s main enemy?
(4) The thief was beaten by the police.
By whom the thief beaten?
(5) The camera is in the cupboard.
Where is the camera?
* ‘Wh-question’ begin with ‘Wh-words’.
* ‘Wh-question’ can’t be answered with a simple ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ as an answer.
[III] Frame a ‘Rhetorical question’ from each statement :
(1) We can’t forget Bapuji.
How can we forget Bapuji?
(2) It is not right.
Is it right?
(3) It is possible for India to win Australia.
Is it possible for India to win Australia?
(4) He can’t face his mighty enemy.
Can he face his mighty enemy.?
(5) Coping the west is not the answer to our problems.
Is coping the west the answer to our problems?
* Exercise *
[I] Change the following statements into ‘Verbal question’ :
(1) On the day the day dawned as usual.
(2) There was milk supply and water supply, too.
(3) Ours is democratic set up.
(4) We have built a small arsenal of spary guns.
(5) The family had enough to eat.
[II] Frame a ‘Wh-question’ to get the underlined part as the answer :
(1) People came to eat free snacks.
(2) The sky suddenly became an ocean.
(3) My nephew Dinesh lives in Kurla.
(4) Ganukaka was relating the story of a neighour of his.
(5) Lama had been doing penance for ages in a cave.
[III] Frame a ‘Rhetorical question’ from each statement :
(1) The condition of this child is not different from the child in the factory.
(2) We cannot do anything that would disgrace our country.
(3) It was indeed the wrong way to cross the road.
(4) I shall never forget those days in childhood.
(5) There is nothing better than honest hard work.
ANSWERS
Interrogative Sentences
[I] (1) Did the day dawn as usual on that day?
(2) Was there milk supply and water supply, too?
(3) Is ours a democratic set up?
(4) Have we built up a small arsenal of spray guns?
(5) Had the family enough to eat?
[II] (1) What did people come to?
(2) What did the sky suddenly become?
(3) Where does my nephew Dinesh live?
(4) What was Ganukaka relating?
(5) Who had been doing penance for ages in a cave?
[III] (1) Is the condition of this child different from the child in the zari factory?
(2) How can we do anything that would disgrace our country?
(3) Wasn’t it the wrong way to cross the road?
(4) How shall I forget those days in childhood?
(5) Is there anything better than honest hard work?
Imperative sentence (आज्ञार्थी वाक्य)
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये आज्ञा, विनंती, उपदेश, हुकूम, प्रार्थना, आर्जव इत्यादी भावना व्यक्त केलेल्या असतात, त्या
वाक्याला Impertive Sentence/Command असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Help me, my son.
Open that window.
Stop it, girls.
Paradon me, Sir.
Forgive me, Madam.
Please give me your book.
टीपः (i) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप वापरतात. (Impertive begins with the form of a
verb.)
e.g. help, open, stop, paradon, forgive, give, etc.
(ii) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
(iii) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य नकरार्थी आणि होकारार्थी अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Run fast. (Affirmative)
Don’t run fast. (negative)
(iv) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या कर्ता ‘you’ दिलेला नसतो. तो अध्याह्रत (understand) असतो.
e.g. ‘Stand up’ means You stand up.
(v) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य नकारार्थी असेल, तर त्याच्या सुरुवातीस Don’t (Do not) चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Don’t cry loudly.
(vi) आज्ञार्थी वाक्यामध्ये विनंती असेल, तर सुरुवातीस please शब्द वापरतात. कधी कधी please हा शब्द शेवटी
सुद्‍धा वापरतात. मात्र त्यापूर्वी स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Please help me. / Help me, please.
· Learn this :
* Impertive sentence tells someone to do something.
* It does not have a subject. The subject is understand as ‘you’.
* It is expressed only in the Simple Present Tense.
* It is often for giving instructions.
* It expresses a command, a request, a wish, an advice, an order, an instruction, an
encouragement etc.
Imperative sentence are used for various purpose/functions.
e.g. Keep quit. (command)
Stand up. (order)
Take care of yourselves. (advice)
Please give me your book. (request)
Paradon me, Sir. (forgiveness)
Wish you best of luck. (blessing)
Let’s go now. (suggestion)
Let them go now. (permission)
Kindly save me from the fire. (request)
टीपः (i) Let हे सुद्‍धा क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप आहे; म्हणून Let ने सुरु होणारे वाक्य आज्ञार्थी असते.
(ii) Let’s =Let us ने सुरुवात असलेले आज्ञार्थी वाक्य suggestion व्यक्त करते.
(iii) Let them go now हे वाक्य permission व्यक्त करते.
(iv) Kindly चा वापर please ऐवजी करतात.
· Polite Request :
Imperative sentence are mostly used for polite request. नम्रपणे केलेली विनंती म्हणजेच Polite
request होय.
e.g. Shut that window. (command)
Would you shut that window? (Polite Request)
· विनंती करण्याचे प्रकार ः
(1) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस Do चा वापर केला असता विनंतीदर्शक वाक्य तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your book. (Command)
Do give me your book. (Request)
(2) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस किंवा शेवटी please चा वापर केला असता विनंतीदर्शक वाक्य तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your book. (Command)
Please give me your book. or Give me your book, please. (Request)
(3) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस will किंवा can चा वापर केला असता विनंतीदर्शक प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your book. (Command)
Will you give me your book? or Can you give me your book? (Command)
(4) Will आणि can च्या जागी would किंवा could चा वापर केला असता Polite Request तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your pen. (Command)
Would you give me your pen? or Could you give me your pen? (Polite Request)
· Some more examples solved for practice :
[I] Read the following sentence and tell what they express :
(1) Please come in.
Request.
(2) Sorry.
Apology.
(3) Take two spoonful of honey in the morning everyday.
Advice.
(4) Turn to right, walk for about five mitutes, then take the left turn and five mitutes you reach
the place.
Instructioins.
(5) Come on.
Command.
[II] Turn the following imperative sentence into ‘Polite Request’ :
(1) Lend me your pen.
Would you me lend me your pen?
(2) Tell me where the railway station is.
Could you tell me where the railway station is?
(3) Look after your parents.
Would you look after your parents?
(4) Take something.
Would you take something?
(5) Open that door.
Would you open that door?
Exercise
[I] Read the following sentence and tell what they express :
(1) Kindly make room for waiting friends.
(2) Please get me a glass of water.
(3) Sit down and study.
(4) Don’t make the place dirty.
(5) My God bless you!
(6) Look in the mirror before you drive off.
(7) Thank you, honey.
(8) Try again you nearly did it.
(9) Have a nice day!
(10) Now, run along.
(11) Happy birthday to you.
(12) Let’s try it.
(13) Let me try.
(14) Remember to share it with them.
[II] Turn the following imperative sentence into ‘Polite Request’ :
(1) Submit your application tomorrow at this very hour.
(2) Bring your child to me tomorrow.
(3) Allow me to go for the picnic.
(4) Show me the way to the Civil Hospital.
(5) Come tomorrow, I’m busy today.
(6) Polish my shoes nicely.
(7) Open the door.
(8) Hurry up.
(9) Keep quite.
(10) Help me!
[III] Change the following imprerative sentence into ‘Negative’ :
(1) Do it again.
(2) Increase the power.
(3) Throw it away.
(4) Open the window.
(5) Go ahead.
ANSWERS
1. Imperative Sentences
[I] (1) request (2) request (3) command (4) instruction (5) blessing (6) suggestion (7) gratitude (8) encouragement (9) wish (10) command (11) wish (12) suggestion (13) permission (14) command
[II]
Could you submit your application tomorrow at this very hour? Could you……….? Would you………? Could you……….? Would you………? Could you……….? Would you………? Could you……….? Would you………?
10. Could you………?
[III]
Don’t do it again. Don’t………... Don’t………… Don’t………… Don’t…………
Negative sentence (नकारार्थी वाक्य)
(1) It is true. (2) It is true.
It is not true. It is not false.
* येथे एकच वाक्य दोन प्रकारे नकारार्थी करुन दाखवले आहेः
(i) अर्थामध्ये बदल करुन, (ii) अर्थामध्ये बदल न करुन
* वाक्य नकारार्थी करताना साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांनंतर not चा किंवा नकारदर्शक शब्दाचा वापर करतात.
* काळाच्या एकूण बारा रचना आहेत. त्यापैकी (i) साधा वर्तमानकाळ, (ii) साधा भूतकाळ या दोन रचनांमध्ये प्रत्यक्ष
साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद दिलेले नसते.
* साध्या वर्तमानकाळात I, we, you, you they, हे पाच कर्ते असताना वाक्य नकारार्थी करायचे असेल, तर
कर्त्यानंतर do not (don’t) चा वापर करतात.
e.g. We listen a sweet song.
We do not listen a sweet song.
* साध्या वर्तमानकाळात He, She, It हे तीन तृतीय पुरुषी एकवचनी कर्ते असताना वाक्य नकारार्थी करायचे असेल,
तर कर्त्यानंतर does not (doesn’t) चा वापर करतात. मूळ क्रियापदास लागलेला s किंवा es प्रत्यय काढून
टाकतात.
e.g. Lata sings sweetly.
Lata does not sing sweetly.
* साध्या भूतकाळात वाक्य नकारार्थी करताना कर्त्यानंतर did not (didn’t) चा वापर करतात. त्यानंतर भूतकाळी
क्रियापदाचे वर्तमानकाळी रुप लिहितात.
e.g. She removed the brace.
She did not remove the brace.
e.g. She removed the brace.
She did not remove the brace.
· वाक्ये नकारार्थी करण्याचे प्रकारः
दिलेल्या होकारार्थी वाक्यामध्ये साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदनंतर not चा वापर करुन वाक्य नकारार्थी करतात. माञ अशा वाक्यांच्या मूळ अर्थात बदल होत असतो.
e.g. I am your friend.
I am not your friend.
Some more examples solved for practice :
(1) I like to read story books.
I don’t like to read story books.
(2) We are going to visit you soon.
We aren’t going to visit you soon.
(3) Kalyani has finished her work.
Kalyani hasn’t finished her work.
(4) If you work hard, you can earn money.
If you don’t work hard, you can earn money.
(5) Yash completes his homework at home.
Yash doesn’t completes his homework at home.
· Remember the following negative forms used in above sentences :
(i) like – don’t like (ii) are – aren’t
(iii) has – hasn’t (iv) work – don’t work
(v) completes – doesn’t complete
[II] अर्थामध्ये बदल न करताः
दिलेल्या होकारार्थी वाक्यामध्ये साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदानंतर not चा वापर करतात. मूळ वाक्यातील विशेषणाच्या /
नामाच्या विरुद्‍ध शब्द वापरतात.
e.g. I am your friend.
I am not your enemy.
· Some more examples sloved for practice :
(1) She was happy to come.
She wasn’t unhappy to come.
(2) The first time is most difficult.
The fitst time is not very easy.
(3) Her tongue is rough.
Her tongue isn’t rough.
(4) It is difficult for them to survive in colder regions.
It isn’t easy difficult for them to survive in colder regions.
(5) It was the right thing to do.
It wasn’t the wrong thing to do.
Try to understand the negative forms used in above sentences :
(i) was happy – wasn’t unhappy (ii) is most difficult – isn’t very easy
(ii) is rough – isn’t smooth (iv) is difficult – isn’t easy
(v) was right – wasn’t wrong
* Execise *
[I] Change the following sentence into negatives :
(1) I like travelling by bus.
(2) He was late for the interview.
(3) I work for a company in Mumbai.
(4) The weather is very nice today.
(5) I have been working hard now-a-days.
(6) A tree gives us delicious fruits.
(7) Women used dried coconout shells to make spoons.
(8) The banana grows easily in the tropics.
(9) I can see a mango tree in the park nearby.
(10) The boy seemed to enjoy to whole exercise.
(11) I was drawn to like it a magnet.
(12) Deepti, wake up.
(13) My day begins like this.
(14) She does her work quietly.
(15) I would be wasting my money.
[II] Change the following sentence into negatives without a change in the meaning :
(1) The mango wood is very strong.
(2) Matheran is very cold.
(3) That’s different.
(4) He’s alive.
(5) They will be good.
(6) He was a rich man.
(7) It is a bad suggestion.
(8) You are unfortunate.
(9) He is lucky.
(10) Fear is a bad thing.
(11) Chinmay was bold.
(12) Charu was brave.
(13) The robber was a cruel man.
(14) The blind musician was courageous.
(15) Mahabaleshwar is a cold place.
ANSWERS
1. Negative Sentence
I do not like travelling by bus. He was not late for the interview I do not work for a company in Mumbai. The weather is not very nice today. I have not been working hard now-a-days. A tree does not give us delicious fruits. Women didn’t use dried coconut shells to make spoons. The banana does not grow easily I can’t see a mango tree in the park nearby.
10. The boy didn’t seem to enjoy to whole
11. I was not drawn to it like a magnet.
12. Deepti, don’t wake up.
13. My day doesn’t like this.
14. She does not do her work quietly.
15. I would not be wasting my money
[II]
The mango wood is not weak at all. Matheran is not hot at all. That isn’t same. He is not dead. They won’t be bad. He was not a poor man. It isn’t a good suggestion. You are not fortunate. He isn’t unlucky.
10. Fear isn’t a good thing.
11. Chinmay wasn’t timid.
12. Charu wasn’t coward.
13. The robber wasn’t kind man.
14. The blind musician wasn’t coward.
15. Mahabaleshwar isn’t a hot place.
Sentence and its parts (वाक्य व त्याचे भाग)
मित्रांनो परीक्षेत पैकीच्या पैकी मार्क मिळवण्यासाठी इंग्रजी व्याकरण अत्यंत महत्वाचे आहे
Articles (उपपदे)
इंग्रजी भाषेत उपपदांना अनन्यसाधारण महत्त्व आहे. एकूण उपपदे तीन आहेत :
(i) a
(ii) an
(iii) the
उपपदांचे दोन प्रकार आहेत :
(1) Indefinite Articles : a, an
(2) Definite Article : the
उपपदे वापरण्याचे नियम :
(I) a (ए, अ) :
(i) a उपपद वापरण्यासाठी सामान्यानाम एकवचनी पाहिजे.
(ii) ते सामान्यानाम countable पाहिजे.
(iii) त्याची सुरुवात व्यंजनाने झालेली पाहिजे.
(iv) त्याची निश्चित माहिती झालेली नसावी.
e.g. This is a bird.
That is a dog.
It is a rock.
टीपः (a) ज्या वस्तू आपण संख्येने मोजू शकतो, त्यांना countable असे म्हणतात.
e.g. book, chalk, tree, books, chalks, trees etc.
(b) एकाच प्रकारच्या वस्तूंना त्यांच्या अंगी असलेल्या गुणधर्माच्या सारखेपणामुळे जे सर्वसाधारण नाव दिले जाते,
त्यालाच सामान्यनाम (Common Noun) असे म्हणतात.
(c) इंग्रजीमध्ये एकूण 26 मुळाक्षरे असून 21( Consonants) व्यंजने आहेत.
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.
(d) a उपपद वापरण्याचा अपवाद (exception) :
एखाद्या स्वराने सुरु होणाय्रा परंतू त्या स्वराचा व्यंजनासारखा उच्चार होणा-या सामान्यनामापूर्वी देखील a
उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. a university, a uniform, a union, a unit, a one rupee note etc.
(e) एखाद्या येणाय्रा निरनिराळ्या वाक्यांमध्ये नियमानुसार a हे उपपद वापरलेल्या सामान्यनामाचा पुन्हा पुन्हा
वापर करावा लागत असेल, तर त्या नामाच्या पहिल्या वापरापूर्वी a व नंतरच्या वापरापूर्वी the उपपद
वापरतात.
e.g. This is a book. The book is written by Tagore
(f) एखाद्या सामान्यनामापूर्वी विशेषण असून त्या विशेषणाची सुरुवात व्यंजनाने झालेली असल्यास त्यापूर्वी a
वापरतात.
e.g. I saw a small child weeping for toys.
(II) an
(i) an उपपद वापरण्यासाठी सामान्यानाम एकवचनी पाहिजे.
(ii) ते सामान्यानाम countable पाहिजे.
(iii) त्याची सुरुवात झालेली पाहिजे.
(iv) त्याची निश्चित माहिती झालेली नसावी.
e.g. I saw an elephant wandering in the forest.
It is an ink-pot.
That is an ant.
This is an orange.
टीपः (a) स्वर पाच आहेतः a, e, i, o, u
(b) an उपपद वारण्याचा अपवादः
(i) एखाद्या सामान्यनामाची सुरुवात h ने झालेली असून त्याचा उच्चार स्वरासारखा होत असेल, तर त्या
सामान्यनामापूर्वी an उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. Rekha will return within an hour.
Mohan is an honest boy.
(ii) स्वरासारखा उच्चार होण्या-या व्यंजनांनी सुरुवात झालेल्या सामान्यनामापूर्वी an उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. an M.A., an M.P., an S.P., an M.L.A. etc.
(c) क्रमाने येणाय्रा निरनिरळ्या वाक्यांमध्ये नियमानुसार an उपपद वापरलेल्या सामान्यनामाचा पुन्हा पुन्हा
वापर करावा लागत असेल, तर त्याच्या पहिल्या वापरापूर्वी an व नंतरच्या वापरापूर्वी the उपपद
वापरतात.
e.g. I saw an old man lying in the mud.
The old man was none but the grandfather of my friend.
(d) एखाद्या सामान्यनामापूर्वी विशेषण वापरलेले असून त्याची सुरुवात स्वराने झालेली असेल, तर त्यापूर्वी an
उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. I saw an old man.
(III) the (द्‍, दि) -
(i) the उपपद वापरण्यासाठी सामान्यनाम एकवचनी किंवा अनेकवचनी पाहिजे.
(ii) ते सामान्यनाम countable किंवा uncountable पाहिजे.
(iii) त्याची निश्चित माहिती झालेली पाहिजे.
e.g. the table, the river, the children, the milk, the sky etc.
· The उपपद वापरण्याचे काही विशिष्ठ नियमः
(1) जगातील एकमेव वस्तूंच्या नावापुर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Gateway of India, the Taj Mahal, the Red fort, the Black Horse, the White House.
(2) सूर्यकुलातील वस्तूंच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the sun, the moon, the stars, the earth, the milkyway, the earth etc.
(3) समुद्रांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Arabian sea, the Indian Ocean, the Atalantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean etc.
(4) पर्वतांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Himalaya, the Sahayadri, the Vindya, the Satpuda etc.
(5) नद्यांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Ganga, the Koyana, the Godavari, the Satlaj.
(6) दिशांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the East, the West, the North, the South, the North-east, the North –west, the south
east, the south-west.
(7) धार्मिक ग्रंथांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagwat Geeta, the Dnyaneswari etc.
(8) Surerlative Degree मध्ये विशेषणाच्या तिस-या रुपापूर्वी उपपद the वापरतात.
e.g. Ganesh is the best boy of all.
(9) क्रमवाचक संख्याविशेषणांच्या पूर्वी उपपद the वापरतात.
e.g. the first , the second, the third etc.
(10) विशेषणापूर्वी the उपपद वापरत नाहीत. परंतू जेव्हा विशेषणापूर्वी the उपपद वापरुन त्यानंतर सामान्यनामाचा
वापर केलेला नसतो, तेव्हा ते विशेषण त्या वर्गातील सर्वांचा उल्लेख करीत असते.
e.g. the म्हणजे सर्व गोरे लोक
e.g. the म्हणजे सर्व शूर लोक.
(11) एखाद्या सामान्यनामावर जोर देताना त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. This is the place where I want to get off.
(12) प्रतिनिधीत्व करणा-या एकवचनी सामान्यामापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. The dog is an honest animal.
(अपवादः man, woman)
(13) डावी बाजू / उजवी बाजू असा उल्लेख करताना the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the left, the right
(14) एकादा उल्लेख झालेल्या सामान्यनामाचा पुन्हा पुन्हा वापर होत असल्यास त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. Monica loves a cow. The cow is very useful.
(15) संपूर्ण कुटूंबाचा उल्लेख करताना आडनावाच्या अनेकवचनापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. We are invited by the Karniks for tea.
* the karniks म्हणजे संपूर्ण कर्णिक कुटूंब
(16) विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत. परंतु एखाद्या विशेषनामाचा वापर दुस-या विशेषनामाला उपमा देण्यासाठी होत असेल, तर त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. Kalidas is called the Shakespear of India.
Samudra Gupta is called the Nepolean Bonapart of India.
* येथे शेक्सपियर, नेपोलियन बोनापार्ट ही विशेषनामे उपमा देण्यासाठी सामान्यनामाचे कार्य करीत आहेत; म्हणून
त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरलेले आहे.
(17) the हे उपपद same या शब्दापूर्वी पण वापरले जाते.
e.g. the same book, the same student etc.
(18) the हे उपपद देशवासी, प्रांतवासी यांच्या नावापूर्वी वापरतात.
e.g. the Indian, the maharashtrian etc.
· उपपदासंबंधी काही विशिष्ठ नियमः
(1) उपपदे फक्त सामान्यनामापूर्वीच वापरतात.
(2) a किंवा an म्हणजे एक (सामान्यनामापूर्वी वापर केला असेल तरच) स्वतंत्र a किंवा an ला अर्थ नाही.
(3) the म्हणजे तो, ती, ते, त्या, ती (सामान्यनामापूर्वी वापर केला असेल तरच) स्वतंञ the ला अर्थ नाही.
(4) खेळ व रस्त्यांच्या नावापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
(5) home ह्या शब्दापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Seeta came home. येथे कर्मामध्ये home हा एकच शब्द आहे. परंतू home चे वर्णन त्यानंतर येत असेल,
तर मात्र त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. This is the home of my uncle.
(6) जेवणाची आणि रोगांची नावे यांच्यापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Dinner, Lunch, Breakfast, Supper (जेवणांची नावे)
Fever, Plauge, Dysentery (रोगांची नावे)
(7) भाषा, ज्ञानशाखा, दिवस, महिने, ॠतू याच्यांपूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Hindi, Mathematics, Sunday, March, Winter etc.
(8) संबोधन विभक्तीमध्ये सामान्यनामाचा वापर करताना त्यापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Ravi said, “Brother, this is my book.”
· Some more examples solved for practice :
Fill in the blanks with proper articles where necessary :
(1) My daughter is …… expert in flattering me.
My daughter is an expert in flattering me.
(2) He was called to visit …. Dying boy.
He was called to visit a Dying boy.
(3) ….. Gita declares lokasangraha or welfare of the people.
The Gita declares lokasangraha or welfare of the people.
(4) My heart skipped …. beat.
My heart skipped a beat.
(5) I want to be ….. fastest women on the this earth.
I want to be the fastest women on the this earth.
(6) He was ….. elderly man.
He was an elderly man.
(7) ….. first event was the 100 metre race.
The first event was the 100 metre race.
(8) Long ago there was ….. blind musician.
Long ago there was a blind musician.
(9) ….. sun rises in the East.
The sun rises in the East.
(10) I love my ….. India.
I love my India.
टीपः या वाक्यात उपपद वापरता येणार नाही. India हे विशेषनाम आहे. विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
तसेच पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामाची षष्ठी विभक्ती व नाम यांमध्ये उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
(11) Mr. Patil has done ….. excellent job.
Mr. Patil has done an excellent job.
(12) I bought ….. dosen of oranges.
I bought a dosen of oranges.
(13) My uncle is ….. union leader.
My uncle is a union leader.
टीपः union च्या सुरुवातीस u हा स्वर असला तरी त्याचा उच्चार व्यंजनासारखा होतो; म्हणून येथे a हे उपपद
वापरले.
(14) In almost every cave, there is …… inner temple.
In almost every cave, there is an inner temple.
(15) My guru was ….. perfectionist.
My guru was a perfectionist.
(16) As ….. MP Mr. Patil has done many good things for people.
As an MP Mr. Patil has done many good things for people.
टीप ः MP ची सुरुवात व्यंजनाने असली, तरी त्याचा उच्चार स्वरासारखा होतो; म्हणून येथे an हे उपपद वापरले.
(17) …… opposite of love is not hate.
The opposite of love is not hate.
(18) It is a particular domestic model of …… robot.
It is a particular domestic model of a robot.
(19) That was my ….. first interview.
That was my first interview.
टीपः ‘First’ येथे ordinal नसून adjective आहे. विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
(20) The man you met was ….. Yashwant.
The man you met was Yashwant.
टीपः Yashwant हे विशेषनाम आहे. विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
* Exercise *
[I] Fill in the blanks with proper articles where necessary :
(1) Do you think I can ever be …… doctor?
(2) Even anatomy,…… introductory course, held special problems for him.
(3) Together they found …… solution.
(4) Most important, he was …… excellent listener.
(5) I can see like …… eagle.
(6) And we designed it all into ….. Mac.
(7) The jeep was …… expensive resource given by the government.
(8) We became part of …… larger reality.
(9) My mother brought ash from her Chula & mixed it in …… earth.
(10) Let me give you …… anecdote from the other end of ……. Social spectrums.
(11) After dinner, she spends …… hour or more on homework.
(12) As …… adult, we usually link every action to ……. external reward of money.
(13) India witness …… second highest number of accident fatalities globally.
(14) On that terrible Tuesday, …… 26th of July 2005 …… sky suddenly became …… ocean.
(15) …… gardener pointed out of the window at St. Vincent Place.
(16) In 2002, the number of deaths per 10,000 vehicles was …… highest in China.
(17) …… Panchayat promoted milk as …… alternative source of income at the household level.
(18) …… New palace is one such magnificent structure, built in 1818 for the Maharaja.
(19) Actually, Kolhapur is …… gourmet’s paradise.
(20) Last evening Ganukaka happened tell me …… story.
(21) I remembered …… anecdote which I had read recently.
(22) We flew over …… Aravalis.
(23) With great difficulty she managed to have …… audience with him.
(24) we marvelled at the natural beauty of …… Narmada river in Madhya Pradesh.
(25) We reaffirmed that is …… most beautiful place in the world.
[II] fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary :
(1) When I reached the college, students were playing …… football match. …… match had
reached …… interesting turn when …… player was wounded …… player belonged to the
opposing team.
(2) My father become …… chartered accountant in Lahore, ……. Uncle became …… hotel
Manager in Karachi , and we had …… aunt in Rangoon.
[III] Use the definite articles ‘the’ in the following sentence, wherever necessary. Put a cross
mark (x) where it is not necessary :
(1) She thought that …… star shooting across …… sky was far more beautiful than any
aeroplane.
(2) …… India is a very large country in …… Asia.
(3) …… Kanchanganga is one of ……. most beautiful peaks in …… Himalayan range.
(4) They found that …… second part of the novel was full of suspense.
(5) …… Rajasthan and …… Central Maharashtra often experience droughts.
(6) …… Ganga and …… Yamuna unite at Allahabad.
ANSWERS
Articles.
[I] (1) a (2) an (3) a (4) an (5) an (6) the (7) an (8) a (9) the (10)an, the (11) an (11)an (12) an, an (13)the (14) the, the, an (15) the (16) the (17) the, an (18) the (19) a (20)a (21) an (22) the (23) an (24) the (25) the
[II] (1) a, the, an, a, the (2) the,an, a, an
[III] (1) the, the (2) x, x (3) x, the, the (4) the (5) x, x (6) the, the,
Exercise
Try this exercise, putting a/an/the in the blanks. If there should be no article, then place a * in the blank. The answers and explanations follow.
Mr Coleman was (1) ___ very fastidious person. He lived three (2) ___ streets away from us, in (3) ___ small house with (4) ___ beautiful garden. Having taken early retirement from his (5) ___ job as (6) ___ button counter, he now had plenty of time to worry, and this he did very successfully. He often spent sleepless nights trying to figure out how he could successfully cook both sides of (7) ___ omelette without it breaking, or how he might achieve better access to (8) ___ tins at (9) ___ back of his cupboard. (10) ___ most of his home was exceptionally neat and tidy, but several loose cables behind (11) ___ television set bothered him, and he never quite knew what to do with (12) ___ empty plastic bags.
Then, one day, his life changed, and he began to experience some relief from his anguish. It seemed that other people underwent similar mental trials, for (13) ___ new catalogue appeared on his doorstep. (14) ___ catalogue contained solutions for many of his problems, and for others which had not yet given him any cause for concern. There was (15) ___ set of three egg timers, for example, shaped like (16) ___ chickens and designed to emit (17) ___ clucking sound at (18) ___ end of three, four and five minutes respectively. In this way he could cook (19) ___ eggs to suit each of his friends individually, and then keep them warm with (20) ___ specially designed covers which went with the timer, marked ‘3’, ‘4’ and ‘5’ for identification purposes. And (21) ___ catalogue contained many other wonderful ideas, such as (22) ___ toaster which could be adjusted to produce different degrees of brownness on (23) ___ four slices toasted simultaneously, and (24) ___ photo frame that rotated pictures at (25) ___ touch of (26) ___ invisible button, so that visiting relatives would never be offended by not seeing their pictures on display, unless, of course, they all turned up together – Mr Coleman eventually solved this problem too by ordering four frames.
Answers
Mr Coleman was (1) a very fastidious person. He lived three (2) * streets away from us, in (3) a small house with (4) a beautiful garden. Having taken early retirement from his (5) * job as (6) a button counter, he now had plenty of time to worry, and this he did very successfully. He often spent sleepless nights trying to figure out how he could successfully cook both sides of (7) an omelette without it breaking, or how he might achieve better access to (8) the tins at (9) the back of his cupboard. (10) *Most of his home was exceptionally neat and tidy, but several loose cables behind (11) the television set bothered him, and he never quite knew what to do with (12) *empty plastic bags.
Then, one day, his life changed, and he began to experience some relief from his anguish. It seemed that other people underwent similar mental trials, for (13) a new catalogue appeared on his doorstep. (14) The catalogue contained solutions for many of his problems, and for others which had not yet given him any cause for concern. There was (15) a set of three egg timers, for example, shaped like (16) * chickens and designed to emit (17) a clucking sound at (18) the end of three, four and five minutes respectively. In this way he could cook (19) *eggs to suit each of his friends individually, and then keep them warm with (20) the specially designed covers which went with the timer, marked ‘3’, ‘4’ and ‘5’ for identification purposes. And (21) the catalogue contained many other wonderful ideas, such as (22) a toaster which could be adjusted to produce different degrees of brownness on (23) *four slices toasted simultaneously, and (24) a photo frame that rotated pictures at (25) the touch of (26) an invisible button, so that visiting relatives would never be offended by not seeing their pictures on display, unless, of course, they all turned up together – Mr Coleman eventually solved this problem too by ordering four frames.
Articles: Health Clubs
Click the answer button to see the answer.
Are you shopping for ___ health club to join so you can get in shape?
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
Shop wisely! You could end up choosing ___ wrong club and losing more money than pounds.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
You may find out too late that ___ health clubs aren't for you.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
___ San Diego fitness experts recommend thoroughly checking out several health clubs before you join one.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
First, know what you want and need in ___ fitness facility, and don't pay for what you'll never use.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
If you only want exercise classes, ___ exercise studio without weight machines and locker rooms may work for you.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
If you're looking for ___ place to only do bodybuilding, you'll be happy in a basic gym.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
You may be in ___ market for a full-service health club; then, make sure it offers lots of activities.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
Look for a place near your house, and check out ___ exercise instructors and personal trainers.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
They should be educated in physical education or certified by ___ organization such as the American Council on exercise.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
Certified instructors have at least some knowledge of anatomy, exercise physiology, injury prevention and ___ cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
You should evaluate ___ equipment and make sure fitness machines are modern and in working order.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
Try to talk to other members of the club. Find out what they believe are ___ advantages and disadvantages there.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
Look in ___ locker room, workout room, and shower--everywhere should be clean.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
___ locker room sanitation is usually a good indication of how clean other areas are.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
Finally, before you sign ___ agreement to join, read the contract carefully.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. no article is needed
This is Bob. He's _____ doctor.
a. a
b. an
Peter is ____ engineer.
a. a
b. an
That's Oliver. He's ___ travel agent.
a. a
b. an
Leonardo di Caprio is ___ actor.
a. a
b. an
Fred is ____ electrician.
a. a
b. an
Mr. Smith is ___ teacher.
a. a
b. an
This is Gloria. She's ___ homemaker.
a. a
b. an
That's John. He's ___ police officer.
a. a
b. an
I'm ____ student.
a. a
b. an
Meryl Streep is ____ actress.
a. a
b. an
A, An, The or Nothing
Click the answer button to see the correct answer.
This is ___ easy question.
Please speak ___ little louder.
May I have your ___ phone number?
I have never seen ___ UFO.
May I ask you ___ question?
David is ___ best student in our class.
What is ___ name of the next station?
He has ___ my car today.
I went to ___ sea during my summer vacation.
Is there ___ public telephone near here?
This coat was designed by ___ famous New York artist.
Can you tell me how to get to ___ bank from here?
___ city museum is closed today.
He is one of ___ smartest people I know.
I recommend you eat ___ apple pie at this restaurant.
___ milk is good for you.
Would you like to see ___ movie?
___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away.
I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's test!
Do you have ___ dictionary that I can borrow?
There were many dogs in the park. One dog was ___ Dalmatian.
Pandas and ___ tigers are both endangered animals.
She is wearing ___ blue dress with red earrings
Hawaii is ___ island in the Pacific Ocean.
Christmas comes once ___ year.
___ ant is __ insect.
The Nile is ___ river.
I went to the shop to get ___ bread.
He broke ___ glass when he was washing dishes.
You should take ___ umbrella.
___ eagle
___ arrow
____ ultra-violet ray
___ honest person
___ UFO
___ unidentified flying object
___ easy question
___ X-ray
___ SOS
___ university
___ umbrella
___ hour-glass
___ UNESCO office
___ SAT score
___ TOEFL score
___ black umbrella
___ yellow ta
Albert Einstein was ___ famous scientist.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Einstein was born in ___ Germany in 1879.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Einstein won ___ Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Einstein left his country and lived in ___ States until he died in 1955.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Einstein is known for his theory of ___ relativity.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Roentgen was ___ German physicist who discovered x-rays, revolutionizing medical diagnosis.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Roentgen won ___ 1901 Nobel Prize.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Mandela was born in ___ South Africa.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Mandela was ___ first President elected in ___ South Africa after ___ Apartheid was revoked.
a. a / the / the
b. the / X / X
c. a / X / the
d. the / the / the
Mandela was imprisoned for ___ nearly 30 years for his anti-apartheid activities.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Mother Teresa was ___ Roman Catholic nun.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Mother Teresa became famous for her hard work with ___ poor.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
She was ___ founder of ___ order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity.
a. a / an
b. a / X
c. the / X [Nothing]
d. the / an
Mother Teresa lived in ___ Calcutta, India.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Mother Teresa received ___ her Nobel Peace Prize in 1979.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. X [Nothing]
Advanced Article Usage
USE 12
A(AN) can be used like the word "per".
Examples:
Apples currently cost $1.30 a pound. Cheetahs can run 60 miles an hour. You want $150 a person for the tour?
USE 13
Use THE with nouns modified by ranking or ordering expressions such as "the first", "the second", "the third", "the next", "the last", "the previous", "the following", "the penultimate", etc.
Examples:
This is the fifth day of our conference. I'll pay the next time we have dinner. Don't forget the following rule.
USE 14
Use THE with superlatives such as "the best", "the biggest", "the most important", "the least interesting", etc.
Examples:
This is the best day ever. That is the most expensive hotel room I've ever heard of in my life. He told the funniest joke!
Comparative forms, such as "bigger", "better", "more" can be used with both A(AN) and THE and follow general article usage.
Examples:
I like the bigger roller coaster. He has a more expensive car than I do.
HOWEVER: THE is often used with comparative forms (bigger) rather than superlative forms (biggest) when comparing only two things. This is commonly used in phrases such as "the bigger of the two".
Examples:
Jessie and Shauna are both smart. But I think Shauna is the smarter of the two. Between Jason's son and his daughter, his daughter is the better athlete.
USE 15
Do not use articles when generalizing about uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns.
Examples:
Curiosity is a great trait. Uncountable Water is an important resource. Uncountable Vegetables are good for you. Plural countable
USE 16
English speakers often use THE plus a singular noun when they talk about or make generalizations about certain topics, including:
musical instruments (the piano, the guitar, the flute) plants (the coconut palm, the saguaro, the baobab) animals (the leopard, the elephant, the lowland gorilla) inventions (the steam engine, the plane, the light bulb) currencies (the dollar, the euro, the yen) body parts (the head, the eye, the ear)
Examples:
I play the piano. The sequoia tree is native to California. The dolphin is a very intelligent animal. The Wright brothers invented the airplane. Right now, the euro is stronger than the dollar. Cheryl got poked in the eye.
In general, English speakers choose to use THE in this way to give the noun a more abstract or conceptual sound. We choose to say "the piano" to make it sound more like an abstract art form. Similarly, "the dolphin" sounds more like we are referring to the species. Moreover, "the plane" has a more conceptual sound that conveys the idea of invention. But remember, you can also make generalizations about these topics using plurals as in USE 15.
USE 17
The expressions "a few" and "a little" mean "some" and express the idea that you have more than expected.
Examples:
He always carries a few dollars for emergencies. He had a little difficulty with his homework. She has a few friends who can help her move.
HOWEVER: The expressions "few" and "little" (without an article) mean "not much" and express the idea that you have less than expected.
Examples:
Unfortunately, I had little time to enjoy New York because I had to work so much. Sadly, he has few people in his life. They have little money, so their daughter cannot pay her tuition.
BUT REMEMBER: When the words "only" or "just" are used, "a few" and "a little" also emphasize the meaning "not much".
Examples:
Unfortunately, I only had a little time to enjoy New York because I had to work so much. Sadly, he just has a few people in his life. They only have a little money, so their daughter cannot pay her tuition.
USE 18
Generally, articles are not used with the names of illnesses or diseases.
Examples:
Dr. Smith visits schools and universities to educate students on AIDS. Oncologists are doctors who specialize in treating cancer. There are several medications that can be used to treat malaria.
HOWEVER: There are some illnesses which require THE.
the measles the flu the mumps the bubonic plague
MOREOVER: There are a few health conditions or illnesses which can be used with both A(AN) as well as THE and follow general article use. This category includes most aches, pains, growths, and attacks.
a cold a heart attack a stroke a wart / tumor / growth / etc. a sore throat / sore back/ sore foot / etc. a headache / toothache / backache / etc.
REMEMBER: This last category follows general article use. Study the examples below.
Examples:
John has a cold. The cold was pretty bad. Nancy had a heart attack. The heart attack seriously weakened her heart. Deb had a sore throat. The sore throat made it hard to talk.
USE 19
If a direction (north, west, southeast, left, right) directly follows a verb, do not use an article with the direction.
Examples:
We need to walk south. They drove north all day. At the stop sign, turn left and walk three blocks.
HOWEVER: If a direction follows a preposition, you must use THE.
Examples:
We need to walk to the south. Our house is in the north. The grocery store is on the right.
MOREOVER: Use THE with compass directions when referring to them as special geographic or cultural regions.
Examples:
We love the South. Have you ever visited the East? The West has better national parks.
USE 20
THE can be used with plural family names to refer to the family as a group.
Examples:
The Robinsons love to vacation in Florida. The Shinoharas are originally from Japan. My brother lives next door to the Jacksons.
USE 21
THE can be combined with certain adjectives to refer to a group of people such as "the blind", "the elderly", "the rich", "the French", "the Sioux", etc.
Examples:
He is elderly. Adjective The organization helps the elderly. Elderly people
REMEMBER: This is especially important in situations where nationalities or ethnic groups and their languages might be confused. In such situations, THE is used to specify that we are talking about the nationality or ethnic group rather than the language.
Examples:
I like French. Language I like the French. The French people
HOWEVER: When generalizing about nationalities or ethnic groups that end in "-ans", such as "Americans", "Mexicans", and "Hawaiians", THE is not usually used.
Examples:
Americans watch a lot of TV. Germans drink a lot of beer.
Articles (उपपदे )
Part of speech (शब्दांच्या जाती)
शब्दांची कार्ये आठ आहेत. त्या कार्यावरुन शब्दांचे आठ गट पाडण्यात आलेले आहेत. यांनाच शब्दांच्या जाती (Parts
of Speech) असे म्हणतात.
· शब्दांच्या आठ जाती (Parts of Speech) खालील प्रमाणे आहेतः
(1) Noun (नाम)
(2) Prounoun (सर्वनाम)
(3) Adjective (विशेषण)
(4) Verb (क्रियापद)
(5) Adverb (क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय)
(6) Perposition (शब्दयोगी अव्यय)
(7) Conjunction (उभयान्वयी अव्यय)
(8) Interjection (केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय)
Part of speech (शब्दांच्या जाती) शब्दांची कार्ये आठ आहेत. त्या कार्यावरुन शब्दांचे आठ गट पाडण्यात आलेले आहेत. यांनाच शब्दांच्या जाती (Parts
of Speech) असे म्हणतात.
· शब्दांच्या आठ जाती (Parts of Speech) खालील प्रमाणे आहेतः
(1) Noun (नाम)
(2) Prounoun (सर्वनाम)
(3) Adjective (विशेषण)
(4) Verb (क्रियापद)
(5) Adverb (क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय)
(6) Perposition (शब्दयोगी अव्यय)
(7) Conjunction (उभयान्वयी अव्यय)
(8) Interjection (केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय)
· प्रत्येक प्रकाराची माहितीः
1 Noun (नाम)
The word which is used as the name of a thing, person or animal is called a noun. [वस्तू,
व्यक्ती, प्राणी यांच्या नावाला (Noun) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. boy, school, river, country, Gopal, happiness, class, golden etc.
· Kinds of Nouns (नामांचे प्रकार) ः
No Kinds of Nouns Explanation
(1) Common noun
(सामान्यनाम) एकाच गटातील वस्तूंना दिलेले सर्वसाधारण नाव
e.g. boy, river, book, game, mountain etc.
(2) Proper noun
(विशेषनाम) वस्तूचे विशिष्ठ नाव
e.g. Gopal, Yamuna, Ramayana, Cricket, Himalaya etc.
(3) Collective Noun
(समूहवाचक नाम) वस्तूंच्या समूहाचे नाव
e.g. class, team, herd, army, bunch etc.
(4) Material Noun
(पदार्थवाचक नाम) पदार्थवाचक वस्तूंचे नाव
e.g. water, silver, gold, iron, milk etc.
(6) Abstract Noun
(भाववाचक नाम) वस्तूंच्या गुणाचे, अवस्थेचे किंवा कृतीचे नाव
e.g. honesty, greatness, pity etc.
* सामान्यनामे व समूहवाचक नामे संख्येत मोजता येतात; म्हणून त्यांना Countable Nouns असे म्हणतात.
* विशेषनामे, पदार्थवाचक नामे व भाववाचक नामे संख्येत मोजता येत नाहीत; म्हणून त्यांना Uncountable
Nouns असे म्हणतात.
2. Pronoun सर्वनामः
The word which is used instead of noun is called a Pronoun.
[नामाबद्‍ल येणा-या शब्दाला सर्वनाम (Pronoun) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they, this, that, these, those, who, why, whose, myself etc.
· Kinds of Pronouns (सर्वनामांचे प्रकार) ः
No. Kinds of Pronouns Explanation
(1) Personal Pronoun
(पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे) वक्ते, श्रोते व इतर अशा तीन गटांना पुरुष म्हणतात. त्यांच्याबद्दल येणारी सर्वनामे पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे असतात. e.g. I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.
(2) Demonstrative Pronouns
(दर्शक सर्वनामे) वस्तूंचा निर्देश करणाय्रा सर्वनामांना दर्शक सर्वनामे म्हणतात. e.g. this, that, these, those
(3) Relative Pronouns
(संबंधी सर्वनामे) पहिल्या वाक्यातील नामाशी दुसय्रा वाक्याचा संबंध जोडणाय्रा सर्वनामांना संबंधी सर्वनामे असे म्हणतात. e.g. which, what, whom, whose, that etc.
(4) Indefinite Pronouns
(अनिश्चित सर्वनामे) विशिष्ट वस्तू किंवा व्यक्तीचा निर्देश न करता वापरलेली सर्वनामे म्हणजे अनिश्चित सर्वनामे. e.g. one/ones, one/another, one/the other, one/the others, some/the other, anyone, someone, none, everyone etc.
(5) Interrogative Pronouns
(प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामे) प्रश्न विचारण्यासाठी जी सर्वनामे वापरतात, त्यांना प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामे असे म्हणतात. e.g. who, what, whom, which, whose etc.
(6) Reflexive Pronouns
(आत्मवाचक / निजवाचक सर्वनामे) क्रियेचा संबंध कर्त्याशी सूचित करणाय्रा सर्वनामांना Reflexive Pronouns असे म्हणतात. यांचा वापर करताना कर्ता व कर्म अभिन्न असतात. self/selves जोडून आत्मवाचक सर्वनामे तयार होतात. e.g. myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
(7) Emphatic Pronouns
(परिणामकारी सर्वनामे) परिणाम किंवाजोर सूचित करणा-या सर्वनामांना Emphatic Pronouns असे म्हणतात. self/selves जोडून ही सर्वनामे तयार होतात. e.g. I have completed it myself (Emphatic)
They deceived themselves (Reflexive)
(8) Distributive Pronouns ही सर्वनामे समूह / गट स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी वापरतात. e.g. all of, both of, either of, neither of etc.
3. Adjective विशेषणः
The word which tells something about the noun, is called an Adjective. [नामाबद्दल विशेष माहिती
सांगणा-या शब्दाला विशेषण (Adjective) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. brave king,
five books,
some milk,
much water,
seventh boy.
· Kinds of Adjectives (विशेषणांचे प्रकार) -
No. Kinds of Adjectives Explanation
(1) Adjective of Quality
(गुणवाचक विशेषण) नामाचा गुण सांगणा-या विशेषणाला गुणवाचक विशेषण असे म्हणतात.
e.g. brave, kind, cruel, green etc.
(2) Adjective of Quantity
(परिमाणवाचक विशेषण) नामाचे परिमाण सांगणा-या विशेषणाला परिमाणवाचक विशेषण असे म्हणतात. e.g. some, any, much, enough etc.
(3) Adjective of Number
(संख्यावाचक विशेषण) नामाची संख्या सांगणा-या विशेषणाला संख्यावाचक विशेषण असे म्हणतात. e.g. (a) Definite Numberals : one, two, three…. (cardinals) first, second, third, (ordinals)
(b) Indefinite Numberals : some, any, many.
(c) Distributive Numberals : each, every, either, neither.
(4) Demonstrative Adjectives जेव्हा दर्शक सर्वनामांचा वापर विशेषणासारखा केला जातो, तेव्हा त्यांना Demonstrative Adjectives असे म्हणतात. e.g. this, that, these, those etc.
(5) Interrogative Adjectives
(प्रश्नार्थक विशेषणे) प्रश्न विचारण्यासाठी जी विशेषणे वापरली जातात, त्यांना Interrogative Adjectives असे म्हणतात. e.g. what, which, who etc.
(6) Possessive Adjectives मालकी हक्क दाखविण्यासाठी वापरली जाणारी विशेषणे.
e.g. This is my book.
4. Verb क्रियापदः
The word which completes the meaning of the sentence, is called a Verb. [वाक्याचा अर्थ पूर्ण
करणा-या क्रियावाचक शब्दाला क्रियापद (Verb) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. I go.
I am going.
I have gone.
अधोरेखित शब्द क्रियापदांचे कार्य करीत आहेत.
· Kinds of Verbs (क्रियापदांचे प्रकार) -
No. Kinds of Verbs Explanation
(1) Transitive Verbs
(सकर्मक क्रियापदे) ज्या क्रियापद अर्थ पूर्ण होण्यास कर्माची गरज असते, त्यास सकर्मक क्रियापद असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Gopal caught a ball.
Horses carry carts.
(2) Intransitive Verbs
(अकर्मक क्रियापदे) ज्या क्रियापदाचा अर्थ पूर्ण होण्यास कर्माची गरज नसते, त्यास अकर्मक क्रियापद असे म्हणतात. e.g. I stand. Shegoes.
Leela weeps. They play.
(3) Regular/Weak Verbs
(नियमित क्रियापदे) ज्या क्रियापदांच्या रुपात नियमानूसार बदल होतो, त्यांना नियमित क्रियापदे असे म्हणतात. e.g. play, plays, playing, played.
(4) Irregular/Strong Verbs
(अनियमित क्रियापदे) ज्या क्रियापदांच्या भूतकाळी किंवा भूतकाळी धातूसाधित रुपात नियमानुसार बदल होत नाही, त्यांना अनियमित क्रियापदे असे म्हणतात.
e.g. ring rang rung
write wrote written
(5) Main Verbs
(मुख्य क्रियापदे) वाक्याचा अर्थ स्वतंत्रपणे पूर्ण करणा-या क्रियापदांना मुख्य क्रियापदे (Principal Verbs) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. I read a book.
Cows are useful animals.
(6) Auxiliary Verbs
(साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे) मुख्य क्रियापदे अपूर्ण अर्थ पूर्ण करण्यास मदत करणा-या क्रियापदांना साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Seeta is reading a book.
The tortoise had won the race.
5. Adverbs क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययेः
The word which tells something about the verb, is called an Adverb. [क्रियापदाबद्दल विशेष
माहिती सांगणा-या अव्ययांना (Adverb) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. The elephant walks slowly.
Horse runs fast.
* वरील वाक्यांमध्ये slowly व fast ही क्रियाविशेषण अव्यये आहेत.
टीपः (a) विशेषणांना ly प्रत्यय लावून Adverb तयार होते.
e.g. slow – slowly
happy – happily
careful – carefully
(b) वरील नियमास अपवादः
e.g. good – well
fast – fast
hard – hard
· Kinds of Adverbs (क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययांचे प्रकार) -
No. Kinds of Adverbs Explanation
(1) Adverbs of Time
(कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेची वेळ सूचित करणा-या शब्दांना कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. yesterday, today, tomorrow, late, early, now etc.
(2) Adverbs of Place
(स्थलवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेचे स्थळ सूचित करणा-या शब्दांना स्थलवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. here, there, down, below, everywhere, etc.
(3) Adverbs of Manner
(रीतीवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेची रीत सांगणा-या शब्दांना रीतीवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. slowly, fast, angrily, happily etc.
(4) Adverbs of Frequency
(संख्यावाचक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेचे संख्या किंवा वारंवारता दाखविणा-या शब्दांना संख्यावाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. once, twice, often, always etc.
(5) Adverbs of Degree
(परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेचे परिमाण, प्रमाण दाखविणा-या शब्दांना परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण असे म्हणतात. e.g. quite, very, almost, fully etc.
(6) Adverbs of Reason क्रियेचा हेतू किंवा कारण स्पष्ट करणा-या शब्दांना Adverbs of Reason असे म्हणतात. e.g. purposely, accidently, therefor etc.
(7) Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation (दृढतादर्शक आणि नकारदर्शक क्रियाविशेषणे) क्रियेची दृढता किंवा नकार सूचित करणा-या शब्दांना Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation असे म्हणतात.
e.g. surely, certainly, neither, never etc.
(8) Interrogative Adverbs प्रश्न विचारणा-या क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययांना प्रश्नवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. where, when, how, why.
6. Prepositions (शब्दयोगी अव्यये) ः
The words that are used before a noun/pronoun of show the relationship of these words to
some other part of the sentence are called Prepositions. [नामाच्या किंवा सर्वनामाच्या पूर्वी वापरल्या
जाणा-या आणि त्यांचा वाक्यातील दुस-या शब्दांशी संबंध जोडणा-या शब्दांना शब्दयोगी अव्यये (Perpositions) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. His book is in his box.
His cap is on his head.
The old woman buried the pot under a tree.
* मराठीमध्ये Prepositions शब्दाला जोडून शब्दानंतर येते; परंतू इंग्रजीमध्ये ते शब्दांपूर्वी स्वतंत्र येते.
e.g. मराठीः माझे पुस्तक टेबलावर आहे.
इंग्रजीः My book is on the table.
* Preposition नामाचा किंवा सर्वनामाचा दुस-या शब्दाशी संबंध सूचित करते.
Kinds of Prepositions :
(1) Simple Prepositions : यामध्ये फक्त एकाच शब्दाचा समावेश असतो.
e.g. in, at, upon, on, within, into, etc.
(2) Complex Prepositions/Phrase Prepositions : यामध्ये दोन/तीन शब्दांचा समावेश होतो.
e.g. in spite of, because of, due to, in front of etc.
(3) Compound Prepositions : यामध्ये सुद्‍धा एकच शब्द असतो, परंतु त्यांना उपसर्ग जोडलेला असतो.
e.g. among, around, about, behind, between, beside, inside etc.
7. Conjunctions उभयान्वयी अव्ययेः
The words that join together two or more words/phrases/sentences are called Conjunctions.
[दोन किंवा दोनापेक्षा जास्त शब्द किंवा वाक्यांना जोडण्या-या शब्दांना उभयान्वयी अव्यये (Conjunctions) असे
म्हणतात.]
e.g. Gopal, Ahmad and Krishna are friends.
Ramnath was rich but he wasn’t kind.
Nachiket stood first because he worked hard.
* and, but, because ही Conjunctions आहेत; कारण पहिल्या वाक्यात and ने दोन शब्द जोडले, तर
दुस-या व तिस-या वाक्यात but आणि because ने दोन वाक्ये जोडलेली आहेत.
Kinds of Conjunctions :
(1) Co-ordinating Conjunctions/Co-ordinators : दोन शब्द किंवा दोन मुख्य उपवाक्ये जोडणा-या
उभयान्वयी अव्ययांना प्रधानत्वसूचक उभयान्वयी अव्यये (Co-ordinating Conjunctions) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Ramnath and his wife went for a pilgrimage.
Hitesh is poor but he is very honest.
(2) Sub-ordinating Conjunctions / Sub-ordinators : गौण उपवाक्य मुख्य उपवाक्याशी जोडणा-या
उभयान्वयी अव्ययांना गौणत्वसूचक उभयान्वयी अव्यये (Sub –ordinating Conjunctions) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. When he heard the news of his bright success, his joy knew no bounds.
Though Ramnath is rich, he is not kind.
Remember the following table :
Co-ordinators Sub-ordinators
and, but, or, yet, either…..or, When, though, although, while,before
Neither….nor, for, nor, both…..and, not only…..but also, still After, where, that, so that, since, as….as,because, as, as if, even if, in case, whether, except, till,until, unless, if.
8. Interjections केवलप्रयोगी अव्यये ः
Interjections are the words that express an emotion or some sudden feeling. [भावनेचा उद्रेक
व्यक्त करणा-या शब्दांना केवलप्रयोगी अव्यये (interjections) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. Alas! He died at last.
Sh! Keep quiet.
Oh! Excuse me.
* येथे Alas, Sh, Oh हे शब्द Interjections आहेत.
* आपल्या मनातील हर्ष, खेद, विस्मय, तिरस्कार, शोक, क्रोध, भिती इत्यादी विकार व्यक्त करण्यासाठी Interjections
वापरतात. (We use them to express sudden feelings of joy, pain, surprise, disgust, grief, anger,
fear.)
* संभाषणात Interjections आज्ञार्थी व उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्यांप्रमाणे महत्त्वाची भूमिका करतात.
* त्यांचा स्वतंत्र किंवा वाक्यात देखील वापर करतात. (They stand alone. They may be used with a
sentence, too.)
· Some important Interjections :
(1) alas (अलास्‍) अरेरे! हाय हाय!!
(2) begone (बिगॉन) चालता हो!
(3) bravo (ब्राव्हो) वाहवा! भले शाबास!
(4) eh (ए) आं! अरे!
(5) ha (हा) हा हा!
(6) hallo (हॅलो) काय रे! ओहो!
(7) hey (हे) हा हा! ओ हो!
(8) hi (हाय) अच्छा! ओहो!
(9) hello (हॅलो) काय हो!
(10) hurrah, hurray (हुरा, हुरे) वाहवा! शाबास!
(11) lo (लो) पहा!
(12) O (ओ) अहो, अरे रे!
(13) oh (ओ) अरे, ओहो!
(14) shoo (शू) शू, शुक!
(15) sh (श्‍) चूप!
(16) wow (वो) व्वा!
(17) tut (टट्‍) छी!
(18) what (व्हॉट) काय!
(19) hush (हश्‍) चूप!
(20) ugh (उः) उः!
* Exercise *
[I] Tell the part of speech of underlined words in each sentence :
(1) Rajiv is a good neighbour.
(2) Where do you live?
(3) How sweetly she sings!
(4) The dog is sleeping under a bush.
(5) Unless you run fast, you will miss the train.
(6) Shivaji was both brave and kind.
(7) O that I were a rose flower!
(8) Hallo! How do you do?
(9) The child was very hungry so he cried loudly.
(10) The story is about a frog.
[II] State the parts of speech against every word :
(1) river (2) slowly (3) short (4) oh (5)ran
(6) between (7) this (8) ugly (9) but (10) write
[III] Tell what the following interjections express :
(1) Bravo! (2) Hurrah! (3) What! (4) Hush! (5) Alas!
[IV] Use the following prepositions in your own sentence :
(1) between (2) with (3) across (4) by (6) along
[V] Use the following conjunctions in your own sentences :
(1) and (2) but (3) neither…..nor (4) as well as (5) unless
ANSWERS
1. Parts of Speech
[I]
Adjective of quality, Common Noun Interrogative Pronoun Adverb Preposition Conjuction, adverb Proper Noun, and: Conjunction Interjection Interjection Common Noun, Adjective, Conjuction, Personal pronoun, Verb, Adverb
10. Auxiliary Verb (To be), Preposition, Common Noun.
[II]
Common Noun Preposition Demonstrative Pronoun Adjective Conjuction Verb
[III]
Applause Joy Surprise Silence/secrecy Grief
[IV]
Rajive sits between Pramod and Vinod I stay with my parents in a village Manoj swam across the river. Mother is standing by the window. Monica is walking along the street.
[V]
Girish writes dramas and acts in them, too. Mangesh is very poor but he helps everybody. Neither Vijay nor Vijaya went to the fair. Mother as well as father helped the needy. Unless you run fast, you will lose the train.
Personal Pronoun(पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे)
Preposition (शब्दयोगी अव्यये)
Primary Auxilliaries (प्राथमिक साहय्यकारी क्रियापदे)
Model Auxilliaries (अभिवृत्तीदर्शक साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे)
Non - finites (क्रियापदाची अमर्यादित रुपे)
Past participles (भुतकाळी धातुसहित रुपे)
Part of speech (शब्दांच्या जाती)
Number (वचन)
नामावरुन ती वस्तू एक का एकापेक्षा जास्त याचा बोध होणे म्हणजेच वचन (Number) होय.
· वचनाचे दोन प्रकार आहेत:
(1) Singular Number (सिंग्युल्‍र नंबर्‍) एकवचन: जेव्हा नाम एकाच वस्तूचा निर्देश करते, तेव्हा त्या नामाचे
वचन एकवचन असते.
e.g. book, cow, ant, dog, bird, mango, school etc.
(2) Plural Number (प्ल्युरल्‍ नंबर्‍) अनेकवचन : जेव्हा नाम एकापेक्षा जास्त वस्तूचा निर्देश करते, तेव्हा त्या
नामाचे वचन अनेकवचन असते.
e.g. books, cows, ants, dogs, birds, mangoes, school etc.
· वचन बदलण्याचे नियम
1. सामान्यपणे एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी s प्रत्यय लावला असता त्याचे अनेकवचनी रुप तयार होते.
Singular Number Plural Number
book
house
doll
river
mountain
game
farmer
plant
garden
bullock books
houses
dolls
rivers
mountains
games
farmers
plants
gardens
bullocks
2. एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी s, sh, ch, x, o, किंवा z असेल , तर अनेकवचन करतांना शेवटी es प्रत्यय
जोडतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Lens
glass
bus
dress
class
pass
kiss
gas
bush
splash
dish
brush
bench
watch
match
branch
catch
bunch
batch
church
box
fox
tax
mango
tomato
hero
potato
buffalo
quiz
ass lenses
glasses
buses
dresses
classes
passes
kisses
gases
bushes
splashes
dishes
brushes
benches
watches
matches
branches
catches
bunches
batches
churches
boxes
foxes
taxes
mangoes
tomatoes
heroes
potatoes
buffaloes
quizes
asses
वरील नियमास अपवाद (exception) :
ox – oxen, canto – cantos, quanto – quantos, bamboo – bamboos, zoo – zoos, radio –
radios, piano – pianos
3. (a) एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी y असून त्यामागील अक्षर व्यंजन असेल, तर य च्या जागी i योजून त्याला
es प्रत्यय जोडतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Army
baby
sky
pony
lady
study
fly
city
body
puppy
remedy
country
biography
bobby
jimmy
cry armies
babies
skies
ponies
ladies
studies
flies
cities
bodies
puppies
remedies
countries
biographies
bobbies
jimmies
cries
(b) एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी y असून त्यामागील अक्षर स्वर असेल, तर अनेकवचन करताना फक्त s प्रत्यय
जोडतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Boy
bay
day
donkey
key
monkey
ray
toy
valley
way boys
bays
days
donkeys
keys
monkeys
rays
toys
valleys
ways
4. एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी f किंवा fe असेल, तर अनेकवचन करताना ती काढून त्या जागी ves प्रत्यय
जोडतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Half
calf
loaf
sheaf
leaf
wife
life
knife
thief
self
shelf
wolf halves
calves
loaves
sheaves
leaves
wives
lives
knives
thieves
selves
shelves
wolves
वरील नियमास अपवाद (exception) :
roof – roofs, proof – proofs, hoofs- hoofs, chief – chiefs, safe – safes, belief – beliefs,
handkerchief – handkerchiefs.
5. काही सामान्यनामांची अनेकवचनी रुपे कोणत्याही नियमानुसार न होता, वेगळ्याच तरहने होतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Ox
man
tooth
mouse
louse
die फासा
women
foot
goose
child oxen
men
teeth
mice
lice
dice
women
feet
geese
children
6. काही सामान्यनामांची एकवचनी व अनेकवचनी रुपे सारखीच असतात.
Singular Number Plural Number
Deer
sheep
hair
fish
fruit
police
swine deer
sheep
hair
fish
fruit
police
swine
7. काही सामान्यनामांची रुपे अनेकवचनातच असतात.
e.g. people, cattle, wages, stairs, spectacles etc.
8. काही नामे अनेकवचनी दिसत असली, तरी त्यांचा वापर एकवचनीच असतो.
e.g. mathematics, physics, statistics, politics, news, innings, furniture, information, luggage
etc.
* Exercise *
[I] Make Plurals of :
(1) ox (2) child (3) story (4) knife (5) monkey (6) fox
(7) match (8) city (9) wolf (10) mouse
[II] Make Singulars of :
(1) dishes (2) wives (3) skies (4) feet (5) hair
(6) valleys (7) cries (8) dice (9) boxes (10) teeth.
[III] Fill in the blanks with proper words :
(1) The letter ……. written. (was / were)
(2) The …… is locked. (door / doors)
(3) One of the ……. ran away. (thieves / thief)
(4) Only one thing …… missing. (is / are)
(5) There are …… in the sky. (clouds / cloud)
[IV] Rewrite the following sentence by using the plural forms of the subjects :
(1) The bench is here.
(2) The thief has a ring in his finger.
(3) The watch is very old.
(4) That is my box.
(5) It is a child.
[V] Rewrite the following sentence by using the singular forms of the subjects :
(1) The trees are green in the spring.
(2) They have broken the glasses.
(3) Their teeth are not white.
(4) These are new dishes.
(5) The thieves have knives.
[VI] Complete the following table :
One Many
(i) leaf
(ii) ……
(iii) mouse
(iv) ……
(v) dish …….
countries
…….
Sheep
…….
ANSWERS
Number
[I] (1) oxen (2) children (3) stories (4) knives (5) monkeys (6) foxes (7) matches (8) cities (9) wolves (10) mice.
[II] (1) dish (2) wife (3) sky (4) foot (5) hair (6) valley (7) cry (8) die (9) box (10) tooth
[III] (1) was (2) door (3) thieves (4) is (5) clouds
[IV]
The benches are here. The thieves have rings in their fingers. The watches are very old. Those are our boxes. They are children.
[v]
The tree is green in the spring. He/she has broken a glass. His/her teeth are not white. This is a new dish. The thief has a knife.
Numbers
Gender (लिंग)
नामावरुन आपणास ते पुरुषजातीचे आहे की, स्त्रीजातीचे किंवा दोन्हीपैकी ते कोणत्याच जातीचे नाही, असे जे
कळते त्यास त्या नामाचे लिंग (Gender) असे म्हणतात.
· Kinds of Genders (लिंगाचे प्रकार):
1. Masculine Gender (मस्क्युलिन जेंडर) पुल्लिंग
2. Feminine Gender (फेमिनिन जेंडर) स्त्रीलिंग
3. Neuter Gender (न्यूटर जेंडर) नपुसकलिंग
4. Common Gender (कॉमन जेंडर) सामान्यलिंग
· प्रत्येक प्रकाराची माहिती:
1. Masculine Gender : ज्या नामावरुन पुरुषजातीचा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग Masuline Gender आहे असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. boy, man, king, bull, horse, etc.
2. Feminine Gender : ज्या नामावरुन स्त्रीजातीचा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग Feminine Gender आहे असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. girl, woman, queen, cow, mare, etc
3. Neuter Gender : ज्या नामावरुन निर्जीव वस्तू्चा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग Neuter Gender आहे असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. book, school, pen, table, field, wall, river, etc.
4. Common Gender : ज्या नामावरुन पुरुष आणि स्री अशा दोन्ही जातीचा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग
Common Gender आहे असे म्हणतात.
e.g. parents, child, student, bird, friend, animal, teacher, etc
· लिंग बदलण्याचे नियम:
(1) लिंग परिवर्तन करताना कोणताही prefix / suffix न जोडता बदल होणारी सामान्यनामे
[A] Human – kind :
Masculine Gender Feminine Gender
Boy
brother
father
gentleman
husband
king
lad
lord
man
Mr.
Nephew
Sir
Son
Uncle girl
sister
mother
lady
wife
queen
lass
lady
woman
Mrs.
niece
Madam
daughter
aunt
[B] Birds :
cock
drake
gander hen
duck
goose
[C] Beasts :
billy (बोकड)
buck (काळवीट)
bull
bullock
colt (a young horse)
dog
horse
ox
fox
ram (मेंढा)
stag (काळवीट)
stallion (वळू घोडा)
tom - cat nanny
doe
cow
heifer (a young cow)
filly (a young mare)
bitch
mare
cow
vixen
ewe
doe
mare
queen – cat
(2) लिंग परिवर्तन करताना काही पुल्लिंगी सामान्यनामांना ‘ess’ प्रत्यय (suffix) जोडून स्त्रीलिंगी नामे तयार होतात ः
[A] Human – kind :
actor
auther
conductor (मार्गदर्शक)
emperor
giant (राक्षस)
God
heir (वारस)
host
hunter
manager
mayor
master
poet
priest
prince
shepherd
waiter
[B] Beasts :
lion
tiger actress
authoress
conductress
empress
giantess
Goddess
heiress
hostess
huntress
manageress
mayoress
mistress
poetess
priestess
princess
shepherdess
waitress
lioness
tigress
(3) काही सामान्यनामांच्यापूर्वी किंवा नंतर लिंगभेद दाखविणारा विशिष्ठ शब्द जोडून दोन्ही लिंगाची ओळख होते:
father-in-law
grandfather
grandson
landlord
milkman
manservant
peacock
fisherman mother-in-law
grandmother
granddaughter
landlady
milkmaid
maidservant
peahen
fisherwoman
(4) काही सामान्यनामे दोन्ही लिंगामध्ये वापरली जातात. त्यांची ओळख होण्यासाठी वर्णन करताना he / she चा
उल्लेख करावा लागतो ः
e.g. Our cook is ill. My mother cooks today in her absence.
येथे cook हे स्त्रीलिंगी नाम आहे.
he – cook she – cook
* Exercise *
[I] Change the gender :
(1) mare (2) God (3) bitch (4) poet (5) uncle
(6) princess (7) cock (8) lord (9) lioness (10) host.
[II] Match the proper pairs of genders :
Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’
(1) son
(2) niece
(3) husband
(4) king
(5) lady wife
queen
gentleman
daughter
nephew
[III] Rewrite the following sentence by changing the gender of underlined word / words :
(1) She has a doll.
(2) Mother is working in the field.
(3) The prince was not happy.
(4) The farmer saw a lion and began to run.
(5) My father likes to keep hens.
[IV] Complete the following table :
Masculine Gender Feminine Gender
(i) tiger
(ii) …….
(iii) lord
(iv) ……
(v) grandfather ……..
woman
……..
hostess
……..
ANSWERS
Gender
[I] (1) horse (2) goddess (3) dog (4) poetess (5) aunt (6) prince (7) hen (8) lady (9) lion (10) hostess
[II] (1) son-daughter (2) niece-nephew (3) husband-wife (4) king-queen (5) lady-gentleman/lord
[III]
He has a doll. The princess was not happy. The farmer saw a lioness and began to run. My father likes to keep cocks.
[IV] (1) tigress (2) man (3) lady (4) host (5) grandmother.
Gender (लिंग)
Case (विभक्ती)
नामे व सर्वनामे यांचे वाक्यातील क्रियापदांशी किंवा इतर शब्दांशी येणारे संबंध ज्या विकारांनी दाखवले जातात,
त्या विकारांना विभक्ती (Case) असे म्हणतात.
Kinds of Cases (विभक्तींचे प्रकार):
इंग्रजीमध्ये विभक्तींचे प्रमुख सहा प्रकार आहेत. याशिवाय इतर विभक्तींचे अर्थ prepositions वापरुन व्यक्त
करतात.
1. Nominative Case (नॉमेनेटिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) प्रथमा विभक्तीः
क्रियापदाचा कर्ता असणारे नाम प्रथमा विभक्तीत असते. म्हणजेच कर्त्याची विभक्ती प्रथमा असते.
e.g. Monica reads a book. (प्रथमा)
Kedar is playing with Ganpat. (प्रथमा)
* नामांची प्रथमेची व द्‍वितीयेची रुपे समान असतात.
2. Objective Case / Accusative Case (द्वितीया विभक्ती)-
क्रियापदाचे कर्म असणा-या नामाची द्वितीया विभक्ती असते. म्हणजेच कर्माचे विभक्ती द्वितीया असते.
e.g. Kapil caught a ball. (द्वितीया)
John sold caps. (द्वितीया)
3. Dative Case (डेटिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) चतुर्थी विभक्तीः
काही वाक्यांमध्ये प्रधान कर्म (Direct Object) आणि गौण कर्म (Indirect Object) अशी दोन कर्मे असतात.
e.g. I gave him a book.
Direct Object : a book (द्वितीया) आणि Indirect Object : him (चतुर्थी)
टीप ः (a) जी वस्तू दिली जाते ते Direct Object असल्याने त्याची द्वितीया विभक्ती असते, तर ज्याला ती दिली जाते
ते Indirect Object असल्याने त्याची चतुर्थी विभक्ती असते. वरील वाक्य I gave a book to him असेही
लिहितात.
(b) सर्वनामांची द्वितीया व चतुर्थी रुपे सारखीच असतात.
e.g. I love him. (द्वितीया)
I gave him a book. (चतुर्थी)
4. Ablative Case पंचमी विभक्तीः
वियोग दाखविण्यासाठी पंचमी विभक्ती वापरतात.
e.g. I got a letter from my friend.
5. Possessive Case (पझेसिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) षष्ठी विभक्तीः (Genitive Case)
ताबा / मालकी हक्क दाखविण्यासाठी वापरलेले नाम किंवा सर्वनाम षष्ठी विभक्तीत असते.
e.g. Rama’s book. (षष्ठी)
टीपः (a) नामाला ‘s’ प्रत्यय लावला म्हणजे त्या नामाचे षष्ठी विभक्तीचे रुप तयार होते.
(b) येथे ‘s’ = चा, ची, चे, च्या, of (ऑफ) – चा, ची, चे, च्या.
Formaton of the possessive case :
(1) एकवचनी नामाच्या शेवटी ‘s’ जोडून षष्ठी विभक्तीचे रुप तयार होते.
e.g. warrior’s sword, Lord Rama’s court.
(2) s ने शेवट होणा-या अनेकवचनी सामान्यनामांची षष्ठी विभक्ती करताना फक्त Apostrophe जोडतात.
e.g. girl’s hostel.
(3) s ने शेवट न होणा-या अनेकवचनी सामान्यनामांची षष्ठी विभक्ती करताना ‘s’ जोडतात.
e.g. sheep’s wool, oxen’s horns.
(4) निर्जीव वस्तूंची षष्ठी विभक्ती ‘s’ प्रत्यय लावून तयार होत नाही. त्यासाठी of चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Name of a village (गावाचे नाव)
Hand of a chair (खुर्चीचा हात)
6. Vocative Case (व्हॉकेटिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) संबोधन विभक्तीः
मराठीप्रमाणेच हाक मारण्यासाठी वापरतात.
e.g. Mother said, “Stop it, girls”. (संबोधन)
Father said, “Krishna, come in”. (संबोधन)
Learn this :
विभक्ती (case) उदाहरण (examples) वाक्ये (sentence)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f) Nominative Case
Objective Case
Dative Case
Ablative Case
Possessive Case
Vocative Case child
child
to/for child
by/with/from the child
child’s
O child The child is playing.
Mother embraces her child.
She gave a doll to the child.
The cat caught a ball thrownby the child.
It is that child’s toy.
Mother said, “O child, come here”.
* Exercise *
State the case of the underlined words :
(1) Dhira was a shoe-shine boy.
(2) They won a great victory.
(3) Granny pushed him away.
(4) I took the torch.
(5) “Pandora , what are you thinking of?” exclaimed Epimetheus.
(6) They returned me some rupees.
(7) Where do you find Monica’s book?
(8) The hunter caught a lion in the net.
(9) The teacher asked his students to keep quiet.
(10) Meena’s school bag wasn’t found.
ANSWERS
Case
[I] (1) Nominative Case (2) Objective case (3) Nominative Case (4) Objective Case (5) Vocative Case (6) me:Dative Case, some rupees: Objective Case, (7) Possessive Case (8) Objective Case (9) Nominative Case, Objective Case (10) Possessive Case.
Case (विभक्ती)
Punctuation (विरामचिन्हे भरण्याचे नियम)
वाक्यामध्ये बोलताना किंवा लिहिताना थोडे थांबावे लागते. थांबणे यालाच विराम असे म्हणतात. विराम
दर्शविण्यासाठी लिखाण करताना आपण जी चिन्हे वापरतो, त्यांनाच विरामचिन्हे (Punctuation Marks) असे
म्हणतात.
* Punctuation marks are very important in writing as they in expressing appropriate meaning.
विरामचिन्हे खालीलप्रमाणे आहेतः
(1) Full Stop (पूर्णविराम) (2) Comma (स्वल्पविराम)
(3) Semicolon (अर्धविराम) (4) Colon (अपूर्णविराम)
(5) Question-mark ( प्रश्नचिन्ह) (6) Exaclamation-mark (उद्‍गारचिन्ह)
(7)Quotation Makrs (अवतरणचिन्हे) (8) Apostrophe (षष्ठीदर्शक चिन्ह)
(9) Dash (अपसारणचिन्हे) (10) Hyphen (संयोगचिन्ह)
(11) Caret (काकपद) (12) Parentheses (गोल कंस)
(13) Capital Letter (‘A’) (14) Ellipsis (शब्दलोप)
(15) Slash/Oblique (पर्यायसूचक तिरकस चिन्ह)
विरामचिन्हांची माहितीः
(1) Full Stop [.] : (a) पूर्णविराम हे चिन्ह विधानार्थी व आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी वापरतात.
e.g. I am writing a letter.
Please write soon.
(b) संक्षेपानंतर किंवा नावाच्या आद्याक्षरानंतर सुध्दा या चिन्हाचा वापर केला जातो.
e.g. M.A. = Master of Arts.
Mr. V.P. Sing : Mr. Vishwanath Pratap sing.
(2) Comma [,] : The comma (,) is used to mark the shortest pause in a sentence. It helps the
reader to understand the sentence in a better way.
* The comma is used to separate three or more words of the sane part of speech.
e.g. Ganga, Yamuna, Kaveri, Koyana and Godavari are some of the speech.
* It also separates words, phrases or clauses inserted into the body of a sentence.
e.g. He gasped, he panted and collaps on the floor.
* Complex Sentence मध्ये मुख्य उपवाक्याच्या कर्त्यांनंतर Relative Pronoun वापरलेले असेल, तर गौण
उपवाक्याच्या दोन्ही बाजूला स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. My son, who is a doctor, treated him.
* Complex Sentence मध्ये वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस गौण उपवाक्य वापरलेले असेल, तर त्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम
देतात.
e.g. If you want to please me, follow my teachings.
* Verbal questions ची उत्तरे yes/no ने देताना त्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Is it right?
Yes, it is.
* नामे व शब्दसमूह यांचा संबंध स्पष्ट करताना स्वल्पविराम वापर करतात.
e.g. His father, a judge, tried this case.
* Reported Speech ची विभागणी दोन भागात केलेली असल्यास स्वल्पविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. “Madam,” he said, “I am terrible sorry for being late”.
* Reported Speech मधील कर्म सुरुवातीस असेल, तर त्यानंतर; शेवटी असेल त्यापूर्वी आणि मध्ये असेल तर
त्याच्या दोन्ही बाजूला स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. The teacher said, “Krishna, come here.”
The shopkeeper asked, “What do you want, Gopal?”
* तारीख लिहिताना स्वल्पविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. November 5, किंवा 2007 5th November,2007
* पत्राचा मायना (salutation) लिहिल्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Dear Friend, किंवा Dear Mother,
* पत्राचे हस्तांतरण (subscription) लिहिल्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Yours Faithfully, किंवा Yours Affectionately,
* वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस वापरलेल्या Discourse Market नंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Finally, we try to combine forces.
* Reported Speech सुरुवातीला असेल, तर त्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. “ I want to be a doctor,” he said.
* Direct Speech मध्ये Reporting Verb ला कर्म असेल, तर त्यानंतर आणि कर्म नसेल, तर Reporting Verb
नंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. He said to her, “I am going to school”.
He said, “I have a book”.
(3) Senmicolon [;] : The semicolon marks a longer pause than the comma. It is usually followed
by conjunctions like ‘and’ , ‘but’ , ‘or’.
* The semicolon is used to separate the clauses of a compound sentence.
e.g. This man looks very cruel ; however, he is harmless.
Keep the dog tied indoors ; else it may bite some stranger.
* एकमेकांशी संबंधीत दोन मुख्य उपवाक्ये conjunction ऐवजी semicolon चा वापर करुन जोडतात. अशा
वाक्यांमध्ये semicolon चा वापर अधिक प्रभावी वाटतो.
e.g. Life is a struggle; a great life means a great struggle.
You are an ass; get out!
(4) Colon [:] :
(a) तपशील, क्रम किंवा यादी देताना अपूर्णविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. The great rivers in India are : Ganga, Yamuna, Krishna and Godavari.
(b) स्पष्टीकरण देण्यासाठी सुद्‍धा अपूर्णविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. Gandhiji’s idea about true religion is : we thought to love each other.
(5) Question-Mark [?] : प्रश्नार्थाक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. What kind of books do you want?
(6) Exclamation-mark [!] :
(a) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या शेवटी उद्‍गारचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. What a beautiful scene it is!
How silly you are!
(b) उद्‍गारवाचक शब्दानंतर किंवा केवलप्रयोगी अव्ययानंतर उद्‍गारचिन्ह वापरतात.
e.g. Alas! She is died of hunger.
(7) Quotation Marks / Inverted Commas [“……” or ‘……’] :
(a) Mother said, “The bell is very nice.”
(b) एखाद्या शब्दावर / शब्दसमूहावर जोर देण्यासाठी किंवा लक्ष केंद्रित करण्यासाठी एकेरी अवतरणचिन्हे
वापरतात.
e.g. Gandhiji was greatly impressed by reading the book ‘Unto This last.’
(8) Apostrophe [‘] :
(a) षष्ठी विभक्ती स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी Apostrophe चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Seet’s book, Pankaj’s parents.
(b) शब्दाचे संक्षिप्तरुप लिहिताना Apostrophe चा वापर करतात.
e.g. do not = don’t. does not = doesn’t
it is = it’s will not = won’t
(c) ‘s’ ने शेवट होणाय्रा नामांची षष्टी विभक्ती दाखवताना फक्त Apostrophe वापरतात. पुन्हा s जोडत नाही.
e.g. Girls’ hostel.
(9) Dash [----] :
(a) वाक्यातील विचार पुढे मांडण्याची आवश्यकता नसल्यास Dash चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The Tree King shouted, “Stop Rohanta, don’t move. There is a—“
(b) विचार प्रक्रियेतील अकस्मात होणारा बदल दर्शविण्यासाठी Dash चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The main theme of my story is this ----, but do you have time to listen to me?
(10) Hypen [-] :
(a) दोन शब्द जोडण्यासाठी संयोगचिन्ह वापरतात.
e.g. Peace-maker, mother-in law.
(b) ओळीच्या शेवटी शब्द अपूर्ण राहिल्यास संयोगचिन्ह वापरतात.
(11) Caret [^] : शब्दातील एखादे अक्षर किंवा वाक्यातील शब्द दाखविण्यासाठी काकपद वापरतात.
brave d
e.g. a) Shivaji was a ^ king b) Mohan ^ as
(12) Paremthesis : गोल कंस ः याचा उपयोग वाक्यात नसलेल्या वाक्यांशाला मुख्य वाक्यापासून वेगळे
करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. God pleased and gave him a boon (it was all he dreamed) to conquer the world.
(13) Capital letters [‘A’] : प्रत्येक वाक्याचे, काव्यपंक्तीचे, विशेषनामाचे आणि अवतरणचिन्हांतील पहिले
अक्षर Capital letter मध्ये लिहीतात.
e.g. India is my country.
(14) Ellipsis [….] : ही तीन-चार टिंबांची मालिका असते. काहीतरी चुकलेले वगळायचे आहे असे वाटत असताना
Ellipsis चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Hmm…. I might need your help later in order to save your uncle’s honour.
(15) Slash [/] : पर्याय, संक्षेप, कालखंड दर्शविण्यासाठी Slash वापरतात.
e.g. He likes managoes / apples.
c/o (care of)
They won the World Cup 1983 / 84
विरामचिन्हे भरण्याचे नियम ः
(1) विधानार्थी व आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
e.g. I read a book. Save a rupee everyday.
(2) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. What do you want?
(3) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या शेवटी उद्‍गारवाचक चिन्ह देतात.
e.g. How nice it is!
(4) प्रत्येक वाक्याचे पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. Service to man is service to God.
(5) विशेषनामाचे पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहीतात.
e.g. Kedar, Monica, Maharashtra, India etc.
(6) I हे प्रथम पुरुषी एकवचनी सर्वनाम पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
(7) अवतरणचिन्हांमधील पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. Kedar said, “This book belongs to me”.
(8) देवाशी संबंधीत नामे व पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. God is Almighty.
(9) O हे केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. O God! What did you do?
(10) Reported Speech अवतरणचिन्हांमधील लिहून त्यापूर्वी स्वल्पविराम देतात. अवतरणचिन्हांमधील पहिले
अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहीतात.
(11) काव्यपंक्तीचे पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. What does little birdie say?
Some more examples solved for practice :
Punctuate the following :
(1) She said it is an excellent piece
She said, “it is an excellent piece!”
(2) She said mum you are great
She said, “mum, you are great!”
(3) Why are we here asked a boy to his mother
“Why are we here?” asked a boy to his mother.
(4) why to help others of course she replied
“why, to help others, of course”, she replied.
(5) the robber shouted I am a robber
The robber shouted, “I am a robber.”
(6) I am not your friend said the robber
“I am not your friend,” said the robber.
(7) I study hindi marathi english and sanskrit
I study Hindi, Marathi, English and Sanskrit.
(8) neha said let him take it
Neha said, ”Let him take it”.
(9) no I said I dont want a basket
“No” , I said, “ I don’t want a basket”.
(10) who is payal I asked sambhuda
“Who is Payal?” I asked Sambhuda.
(11) it is a fantastic feeling rathore said
“It is a fantastic feeling”, Rathore said.
(12) temple said I will help you
Temple said, “I will help you.”
(13) yes sunny I will says robbi
“Yes, sunny, I will,” says Robbi.
(14) buddha said do not waste your engery praising me
Buddha said, “Do not waste your engery praising me.”
(15) no of course not he answered
“No, of course not,” he answered.
* Exercise *
Punctuate the following :
(1) she said dear mum and dad you are working too hard
(2) i love you both she said.
(3) mother said to me with a smile foods ready
(4) kamala my younger sister is more promising
(5) she said how great you are mum
(6) she said what an excellent piece it is
(7) alas how miserable i am the poor begger cried out
(8) and what are the others here for asked the boy
(9) sadhu vaswani would ask did you meet him on the road
(10) she asked who are your parents
(11) the robber shouted give me whatever money you have
(12) you can kill me but i have one request said the blind man
(13) whatever you see here you take away replied the blind man
(14) okay finish it soon said the robber
(15) then at 12 oclock carters phone rang
(16) there was however no lighting no thunder storm only uproar
(17) live long Mumbai we love you
(18) well what are you he asked her
(19) in the case of a writer it is his struggler with words plots image ideas that defines happiness
(20) I say to myself this is mine
ANSWERS
Punctuation
She said, “Dear Mum and Dad, you are working too hard!” “I love you both!” she said. Mother said to me with a smile, “food’s ready!” Kamala, my younger sister, is more promising. She said, “How great you are mum!” She said, “What an excellent piece it is!” “Alas! How misesrable I am!” the poor beggar cried out. “And what are the others here for?” asked the boy. Sadhu Vasvani would ask, “Did you meet him on the road?” She asked, “Who are your parents?” The robber shouted, “Give me whatever money you have.” “Whatever you see here you can take away,” replied the blind man. “You can kill me but I have one request,” said the blind man. “Okey. Finish it soon,” said the robber. Then at 12 o’clock Carter’s phone rang. There was, however, no lightening, no thunder and no storm, only uproar. Live long Mumbai, we love you! “Well, what are you?” he asked her. In the case of a writer, it is his struggle with words, plots, images, ideas that defines happiness. I say to myself, “This is mine.” What a grand reception everyone gave!
Punctuation (विरामचिन्हे भरण्याचे नियम)
Sentence and its parts (वाक्य व त्याचे भाग)
[I] Word :
क्रमबद्‍ध अर्थपूर्ण अक्षरांच्या समूहास शब्द (Word) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. ant, boy, cow, dog, egg, book, meat, door, etc.
टीपः (a) शब्द मुळाक्षरांनी तयार होतो. e.g. cow (c, o, w)
(b) शब्दांमध्ये अक्षरांचा क्रमाला महत्त्व असते.
(c) फक्त अक्षरांचा समूह म्हणजे शब्द नव्हे.
e.g. owc हा अक्षरांचा समूह आहे, पण शब्द नाही. त्यासाठी अक्षरांचा क्रमाला महत्त्व आहे. क्रम बदलून cow
हा अर्थपूर्ण शब्द तयार होतो.
काही अर्थपूर्ण शब्दः
student, school, teacher, class, black-board, chalk, book, notebook, study, exercise,
lesson, homework, sir, madam, headmaster playground, holiday, etc.
[II] Phrase :
काहीतरी अर्थ असलेल्या परंतू पूर्ण अर्थबोध न करणाय्रा शब्दांच्या समूहास वाक्यांश (Phrase) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. The children are swimming in the river.
The dog is sleeping under a bush.
The sky is over our heads.
The cat jumps upon the table.
* वरील वाक्यांमध्ये अनुक्रमे in the river, under a bush, over our heads, upon the table हे वाक्यांश
(phrases) आहेत. त्यांना अर्थ आहे, पण तो पूर्ण नाही.
· वैशिष्ट्येः (i) phrase हा श्ब्दांचा समूह आहे. phrase मध्ये कमीत कमी एक शब्द सुद्‍धा असू शकतो.
(A phrase is a small group of words. It may consist of one or more words.)
(ii) It makes sense but not complete sense. It has no subject.
(iii) A phrase may also embed a clause. (वाक्यांमध्ये उपवाक्ये देखील सामावलेले असते.)
e.g. This is the temple that Ahilyabai built. या वाक्यात अधोरेखित भाग phrase आहे आणि that
Ahilyabai built हा clause आहे.
· Kinds of phrases :
(1) Noun Phrase : Rajesh knew when to get up.
(2) Adjective Phrase : Do you see the girl selling baskets?
(3) Adverb Phrase : The elephant walks very slowly.
(4) Verb Phrase : They may have been working since morning.
(5) Preposition Phrase : The children were swimming in the river.
[III] Clause
एकाच वाक्यामध्ये अनेक वाक्यांना समूह असून प्रत्येक वाक्यात स्वतंत्र उद्‍देश व विधेय असते, अशा प्रत्येक
वाक्याला उपवाक्य किंवा पोटवाक्य (Clause) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Gopal works in the garden and Seeta works in the kitchen.
या वाक्यात (i) Gopal works in the garden आणि Seeta works in the kitchen अशी दोन स्वतंत्र वाक्ये
आहेत. प्रत्येक वाक्यात उद्‍देश (Subject) आणि विधेय (predicate) आहेत. अशा प्रत्येक वाक्याला clause असे
म्हणतात.
· The Elements of the clause :
The five elements of the clause are : (1) Subject (S) (2) Verb (V) (3) Object (O) (4)
Complements (C) (5) Adverbial (A) [from 2 to 5 is known as predicate.]
e.g. Indian voters recently elected Mrs. Pratibhatai Patil, the President of India.
* वरील वाक्यात Indian voters (S), recently (A), elected (V), Mrs. Pratibhatai Patil (O), the
President of India (C).
[IV] Sentence
क्रमबद्‍ध अर्थपूर्ण शब्दांच्या समूहास वाक्य (Sentence) असे म्हणतात. कर्ता, क्रियापद व इतर शब्द मिळून वाक्य
तयार होते. उद्‍देश व विधेय हे वाक्याचे प्रमूख भाग आहेत.
e.g. I love my country. (मी माझ्या देशावर प्रेम करतो.)
Children love toys. (मुलांना खेळ्णी आवडतात.)
John sold caps. (जॉन टोप्या विकत असे.)
टीप ः (a) वाक्य शब्दांनी तयार होते.
(b) वाक्यामध्ये शब्दांच्या क्रमाला महत्त्व असते. फक्त शब्दांचा समूह म्हणजे वाक्य नव्हे. e.g. I love children
toys हा शब्दांचा समूह आहे, पण वाक्य नाही. त्यासाठी त्यांचा योग्य तो क्रम बदलून children love toys
असे अर्थपूर्ण वाक्य तयार होते.
(b) वाक्यात कमीत कमी कर्ता व क्रियापद असावेच लागतात.
e.g. I play.
(d) वाक्यांनी परिच्छेद तयार होतो.
e.g. shivaji was brave and noble. He loved his country very much. He did his best to
free his country. Mavalas stood by him in sun and shower.
· Parts of the Sentence :
* प्रत्येक वाक्याचे दोन भाग असतातः
(1) Subject, (2) Predicate
(1) Subject (उद्देश्य) : वाक्यामध्ये ज्या विषयी बोलेल जाते त्याला Subject असे म्हणतात.
e.g. John sold caps या वाक्यात John हा शब्द subject आहे.
(2) Predicate (विधेय) - उद्देशाबद्दल आपण जे सांगतो, त्यालाच Predicate असे म्हणतात.
e.g. या वाक्यात sold caps हे Predicate आहे.
टीपः (a) Subject कर्त्याचे कार्य करतो.
(b) Predicate मध्ये क्रियापद व क्रम यांचा समावेश असतो.
(c) वाक्याची रचना = Subject + Predicate
= Subject + Verb + Object
= S + V + O अशी असते.
· Learn this :
(i) The king was impressed.
Subject Predicate
(ii) They lived in a small hut.
Subject Predicate
· Kinds of the sentence
वाक्याचे चार प्रकार आहेतः
(1) Assertive Sentence (Statement) विधानार्थी वाक्ये
(2) Interrogative Sentence (Questions) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये
(3) Imperative Sentence (Commands) आज्ञार्थी वाक्ये
(4) Exclamatory Sentence (Exclamations) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्ये
· प्रत्येक वाक्याच्या प्रकारची माहितीः
(1) Assertive Sentence विधानार्थी वाक्ये :
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये सामान्य विधान केलेले असते, त्याला Assertive Sentence असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Kedar is playing in the garden.
Monica works hard.
Deepa wept loudly.
टीपः (a) विधानार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस कर्ता वापरतात.
(b) विधानार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
(c) विधानार्थी वाक्य Affirmative आणि Negative अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Shankar likes reading. (Affirmative)
Shankar does not like reading. (Negative)
2. Interrogative Sentence ( प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये ) :
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये प्रश्न विचारलेला असतो, त्या वाक्याला Interrogative Sentence असे म्हणतात.
e.g. What is your name?
Where do you live?
Who are you?
टीप ः (a) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम/ क्रियाविशेषण किंवा साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वापरतात.
(b) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
(c) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याचे वर्गीकरणः
(i) प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामांनी किंवा प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषणांनी सुरु होणारी.
(ii) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांनी सुरु होणारी.
(d) प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामेः who, what, whom, which, whose.
(e) प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषणेः where, when, why, how.
(f) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदेः am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, dare,
should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must, need, ought, to, used, to.
(g) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य होकारार्थी व नकारार्थी अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Who do you take part in this competition? (होकारार्थी)
Why don’t you take part in this competition? (नकारार्थी)
3. Imperative Sentence ( आज्ञार्थी वाक्य ):
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये आज्ञा, विनंती, उपदेश, हुकूम, प्रार्थना इत्यादी भावना व्यक्त केलेल्या असतात, त्या वाक्याला असे
Imperative Sentence म्हणतात.
e.g. Help me, my son.
Open that window.
Don’t go that way again.
Stop it, girls.
Pardon me, Sir.
Forgive me, Madam.
Please give me your book.
टीपः (a) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप वापरतात.
e.g. help, open, go, stop, pardon, forgive, give, etc.
(b) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य नकारार्थी असेल तर सुरुवातीस don’t चा वापर करतात.
(c) आज्ञार्थी वाक्यामध्ये विनंती असेल, तर सुरुवातीस please शब्द वापरतात. कधी कधी please हा
विनंतीदर्शक शब्द वाक्याच्या शेवटी सुद्‍धा वापरतात. माञ त्यापूर्वी स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Please help me.
Help me, please.
(d) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
(e) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य होकारार्थी अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Don’t cry again. (Negative)
Stop writing. (Afirmative)
(f) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या कर्ता you अध्याह्त (understood) असतो.
4. Exclamatory Sentence उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्य ः
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये हर्ष, खेद, आश्चर्य, तिरस्कार, भिती, दुःख इत्यादी मानवविकार व्यक्त केलेले असतात, त्यावाक्याला
Exclamatory Sentence असे म्हणतात.
e.g. What a strange dream it is!
How kind you are!
टीप ः (a) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस what,how, alas, oh, hurrah असे शब्द वापरतात.
(b) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या शेवटी उद्‍गारचिन्ह देतात.
(c) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्य फक्त होकारार्थी रुपातच व्यक्त करता येते.
(d) Optative Sentence :
e.g. May God bless you, my child!
अशा वाक्यांना इच्छादर्शक वाक्ये असे म्हणतात. यांच्या सुरुवातीस May चा वापर करतात. शेवटी उद्‍गारचिन्ह
देतात.
· Learn and Remember :
(1) A word consists of one or more syllables.
(2) A phrase consists of one or more words.
(3) A clause consists of one more phrase.
(4) A sentence consists of one more clauses.
e.g. (1) The dog/was sleeping/under a bush.
* phrases : (i) The dog (ii) was sleeping (iii) under a bush.
* sentence : The dog was sleeping under a bush. (one clause)
(2) I get what I want.
* clause : (i) I get (ii) what I want.
* sentence : I get what I want. (two clause)
· सरावासाठी प्रत्यक्ष सोडवून दिलेले काही प्रश्नः
[I] Divide the following sentence into two parts i.e. subject and predicate :
(i) My daughter is expert in flattering me.
(ii) The opposite of love is hate.
(iii) The children could not believe it.
(iv) The blind musician was sleeping on the floor.
(v) Chinmay kicked it out of the train.
No. Subject Predicate
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) My daughter
The opposite of love
The children
The blind musician
Chinmay is expert in flattering me.
is not hate.
could not believe it.
Was sleeping on the floor.
Kicked it out of the train.
[II] Identify the kinds of sentence :
(i) Who is Payal?
Interrogative sentence.
(ii) My Robbi is made of shining metals.
Assertaive sentence.
(iii) Bring me milk.
Imperative sentence.
(iv) What an excellent piece it is!
Exclametory sentence.
* Exercise *
[I] Divide the following sentence into two parts i.e. subjects and precicate :
(1) Mother was busying herself in the kitchen.
(2) Lonar village is about 800 kilometres from Mumbai.
(3) Copies were made by experts on the paintings.
(4) A bird sanctuary has developed here since 1950.
(5) Matheran is very shady.
(6) Buddha was not flattered by this praise.
(7) This cycle repeats herself day after day.
(8) Bhimsen loved music.
(9) My grandfather sold the house.
(10) People in India use trees in many different ways.
[II] Identify the kinds of sentence :
(1) Children make toys with the outer husk and shell.
(2) What is Robbi made of?
(3) Came on, Robbi!
(4) Can I come with you?
(5) The thief picked up the handbag.
(6) Let me you are, Mum!
(7) What are the others here for?
(8) What an exciting tour it is!
(9) I love you both!
[III] Join parts from ‘A’ to those in ‘B’ to from meaningful sentences :
‘A’ ‘B’
(i) Mother
(ii) The nighbours
(iii) The robber
(iv) The thief
(v) Buddha Gives us little things from time to time.
taught his followers to be kind to others.
whipped out his knife.
was busying herself in the kitchen.
picked up his dagger.
ANSWERS
Sentence and its parts
No. Subject Predicate
Mother Was busying herself in the kitchen.
Lonar village Is about 800 kilometres from Mumbai
Copies Were made by experts on the paintings.
A bird sanctuary Has developed here since 1950
Matheran Is very shady
Buddhda Was not flattered by this praise
This cycle Repeats herself day after day
Bhimsen Loved music.
My grandfather Sold the house.
10. People in India Use trees in many different ways.
[II] (1) Assertive Sentence (2) Interrogative Sentence (3) Imperative Sentence (4) Interrogative Sentence (5) Assertive Sentence (6) Imperative Sentence (7) Exclamatory Sentence (8) Interrogative Sentence (9) Exclamatory Sentence (10) Assertive Sentence.
[III] (1) Mother was busying herself in the kitchen.
(1) The nighbours give us little things from time to time.
(2) The robber picked up his dagger.
(3) The thief whipped out his knife.
(4) Buddha taught his followers to be kind to others.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य)
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये प्रश्न विचारलेला असतो, त्या वाक्याला प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य (Interrogative Sentence) असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. Do you know it? [Verbal question or yes/no type question]
Where do you live? [Wh-question]
· Kinds of Interrogative Sentence :
[I] Verbal questions or yes/no type questions :
साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांनी सुरु होणा-या प्रश्नांना Verbal quations असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Did you brush your teeth properly, Sarika?
May I come in, Sir?
Shall I fix a piece of jam and bread for you?
टीप ः (i) Verbal question च्या सुरुवातीस साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वापरतात.
(ii) Verbal question चे उत्तर yes किंवा no ने देतात. yes किंवा no नंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
(iii) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदेः am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, will,
should, would, can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought, to, used to.
(iv) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे फक्त साधा वर्तमानकाळ व साधा भूतकाळ असणाय्रा होकारार्थी वाक्यात वापरले
नसते. Verbal question तयार साध्या वर्तमानकाळात I, we, you, they, हे कर्ते असताना do आणि he,
she, it हे कर्ते असताना does हे साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस वापरतात, तर साध्या
भूतकाळात did चा वापर करतात.
e.g. (a) The students understand the problem.
Do the students understands the problem?
(b) The students understands the problems.
Does the students understand the problem?
* Does वापरताना मूळ क्रियापदास लागलेले ‘s’ किंवा ‘es’ प्रत्यय काढून टाकतात.
(c) The students understand the problem.
Did the student understand the problem?
* Did चा वापर करताना भूतकाळी क्रियापदाचे वर्तमानकाळी रुप लिहितात.
understand = Did ………. understand.
(v) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह (?) देतात.
[II] Wh – question :
प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामांनी / क्रियाविशेषणांनी सुरु होणा-या प्रश्नांना Wh-question असे म्हणतात.
e.g. What does the word ‘robot’ mean?
Where was Mohandas born?
टीप ः (i) Wh-question च्या सुरुवातीस प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषण वापरतात.
(ii) Wh-question मध्ये प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषणानंतर साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वापरतात.
(iii) Wh-question चे उत्तर पूर्ण वाक्यात देतात.
(iv) प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामे ः what, which, who, whose, whom.
(v) प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषणे ः where, when, why, how.
(vi) प्रश्न कोणत्याही प्रकारचा असो, त्यामूळे साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद असतेच.
· How to frame a Wh-question?
He lives in a hut.
Where does he live?
टीप ः (i) Wh-question तयार करताना सुरुवातीस प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषण वापरतात.
(ii) in a hut हा अधोरेखित भाग असून ते तयार होणा-या प्रश्नाचे उत्तर आहे; म्हणून त्याचा प्रश्नामध्ये समावेश
केलेला नाही. त्याऐवजी सुरुवातीस where हे प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषण वापरले.
(iii) lives वरुन साध्या वर्तमानकाळाचा बोध होतो; म्हणून where नंतर does हे साहाय्यकारी वापरुन ‘s’ चा
लोप केला.
(iv) Wh-question ची रचनाः प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषण + साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद + कर्ता + मुख्य
क्रियापद + predicate चा उरलेला भाग.
e.g. People met him on the road.
Where did people meet him?
[III] Rhetorical question :
हा अलंकारिक प्रश्न असतो. वक्ता व श्रोता यांच्यामध्ये सुसंवाद साधण्यासाठी वक्तृत्वपूर्ण भाषाशैलीचा वापर करुन
वक्ता आपले म्हणणे भारदस्त शब्दांच्या मदतीने श्रोत्याच्या मनावर बिंबविण्याचा प्रयत्न करीत असतो. त्याचे उत्तर
प्रश्नातच सामावलेले असते.
e.g. How can a letter contain it?
हा Rhetorical question आहे. अशा प्रकारचे प्रश्न माहिती मिळविण्यासाठी विचारलेले नसतात. फक्त जोर
देऊन मुद्‍दा मांडणे एवढाच त्याचा हेतू असतो.
e.g. (1) How can a letter contain it?
(2) Is it fair?
टीप ः Rhetorical question हा Verbal question किंवा Wh-question च्या रुपात मांडता येतो.
· Some more examples for practice :
[I] Change the following statements into ‘verbal question’ :
(1) Business followed the same pattern.
Did business follow the same pattern?
(2) Gandiji had a golden touch.
Had Gandiji a golden touch?
(3) The children enjoy themsellevs thoroughly/
Do the children enjoy themselves thoroughly?
(4) I shall make coffe for you.
Shall I make coffe for you?
(5) We are civilized now.
Are we civilized now?
· Learn this :
* Question that can be answered either in ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ from are called ‘yes/no type questions’
Or ‘ verbal questions’.
* Verbal question are formed by placing the helping verb before the subject putting a question
mark at the end.
* Verbal question are formed by using helping verb ‘do’ before the subject, when the sentence
does not have (i) the verb ‘be’ (ii) the verb ‘have’ (iii) the model verb. (Helping verbs ‘do’,
‘does’, ‘did’ are used form question where a helping verb is absent in a statement.
[II] Frame a ‘Wh-question’ to get the underlined parts as the answer :
(1) Our route took us to Jaipur.
Where did our route take us?
(2) We saw pretty village of Tamil Nadu.
What did we see?
(3) India’s main enemy was poverty.
What was India’s main enemy?
(4) The thief was beaten by the police.
By whom the thief beaten?
(5) The camera is in the cupboard.
Where is the camera?
* ‘Wh-question’ begin with ‘Wh-words’.
* ‘Wh-question’ can’t be answered with a simple ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ as an answer.
[III] Frame a ‘Rhetorical question’ from each statement :
(1) We can’t forget Bapuji.
How can we forget Bapuji?
(2) It is not right.
Is it right?
(3) It is possible for India to win Australia.
Is it possible for India to win Australia?
(4) He can’t face his mighty enemy.
Can he face his mighty enemy.?
(5) Coping the west is not the answer to our problems.
Is coping the west the answer to our problems?
* Exercise *
[I] Change the following statements into ‘Verbal question’ :
(1) On the day the day dawned as usual.
(2) There was milk supply and water supply, too.
(3) Ours is democratic set up.
(4) We have built a small arsenal of spary guns.
(5) The family had enough to eat.
[II] Frame a ‘Wh-question’ to get the underlined part as the answer :
(1) People came to eat free snacks.
(2) The sky suddenly became an ocean.
(3) My nephew Dinesh lives in Kurla.
(4) Ganukaka was relating the story of a neighour of his.
(5) Lama had been doing penance for ages in a cave.
[III] Frame a ‘Rhetorical question’ from each statement :
(1) The condition of this child is not different from the child in the factory.
(2) We cannot do anything that would disgrace our country.
(3) It was indeed the wrong way to cross the road.
(4) I shall never forget those days in childhood.
(5) There is nothing better than honest hard work.
ANSWERS
Interrogative Sentences
[I] (1) Did the day dawn as usual on that day?
(2) Was there milk supply and water supply, too?
(3) Is ours a democratic set up?
(4) Have we built up a small arsenal of spray guns?
(5) Had the family enough to eat?
[II] (1) What did people come to?
(2) What did the sky suddenly become?
(3) Where does my nephew Dinesh live?
(4) What was Ganukaka relating?
(5) Who had been doing penance for ages in a cave?
[III] (1) Is the condition of this child different from the child in the zari factory?
(2) How can we do anything that would disgrace our country?
(3) Wasn’t it the wrong way to cross the road?
(4) How shall I forget those days in childhood?
(5) Is there anything better than honest hard work?
Imperative sentence (आज्ञार्थी वाक्य)
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये आज्ञा, विनंती, उपदेश, हुकूम, प्रार्थना, आर्जव इत्यादी भावना व्यक्त केलेल्या असतात, त्या
वाक्याला Impertive Sentence/Command असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Help me, my son.
Open that window.
Stop it, girls.
Paradon me, Sir.
Forgive me, Madam.
Please give me your book.
टीपः (i) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप वापरतात. (Impertive begins with the form of a
verb.)
e.g. help, open, stop, paradon, forgive, give, etc.
(ii) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
(iii) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य नकरार्थी आणि होकारार्थी अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Run fast. (Affirmative)
Don’t run fast. (negative)
(iv) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या कर्ता ‘you’ दिलेला नसतो. तो अध्याह्रत (understand) असतो.
e.g. ‘Stand up’ means You stand up.
(v) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य नकारार्थी असेल, तर त्याच्या सुरुवातीस Don’t (Do not) चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Don’t cry loudly.
(vi) आज्ञार्थी वाक्यामध्ये विनंती असेल, तर सुरुवातीस please शब्द वापरतात. कधी कधी please हा शब्द शेवटी
सुद्‍धा वापरतात. मात्र त्यापूर्वी स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Please help me. / Help me, please.
· Learn this :
* Impertive sentence tells someone to do something.
* It does not have a subject. The subject is understand as ‘you’.
* It is expressed only in the Simple Present Tense.
* It is often for giving instructions.
* It expresses a command, a request, a wish, an advice, an order, an instruction, an
encouragement etc.
Imperative sentence are used for various purpose/functions.
e.g. Keep quit. (command)
Stand up. (order)
Take care of yourselves. (advice)
Please give me your book. (request)
Paradon me, Sir. (forgiveness)
Wish you best of luck. (blessing)
Let’s go now. (suggestion)
Let them go now. (permission)
Kindly save me from the fire. (request)
टीपः (i) Let हे सुद्‍धा क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप आहे; म्हणून Let ने सुरु होणारे वाक्य आज्ञार्थी असते.
(ii) Let’s =Let us ने सुरुवात असलेले आज्ञार्थी वाक्य suggestion व्यक्त करते.
(iii) Let them go now हे वाक्य permission व्यक्त करते.
(iv) Kindly चा वापर please ऐवजी करतात.
· Polite Request :
Imperative sentence are mostly used for polite request. नम्रपणे केलेली विनंती म्हणजेच Polite
request होय.
e.g. Shut that window. (command)
Would you shut that window? (Polite Request)
· विनंती करण्याचे प्रकार ः
(1) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस Do चा वापर केला असता विनंतीदर्शक वाक्य तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your book. (Command)
Do give me your book. (Request)
(2) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस किंवा शेवटी please चा वापर केला असता विनंतीदर्शक वाक्य तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your book. (Command)
Please give me your book. or Give me your book, please. (Request)
(3) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस will किंवा can चा वापर केला असता विनंतीदर्शक प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your book. (Command)
Will you give me your book? or Can you give me your book? (Command)
(4) Will आणि can च्या जागी would किंवा could चा वापर केला असता Polite Request तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your pen. (Command)
Would you give me your pen? or Could you give me your pen? (Polite Request)
· Some more examples solved for practice :
[I] Read the following sentence and tell what they express :
(1) Please come in.
Request.
(2) Sorry.
Apology.
(3) Take two spoonful of honey in the morning everyday.
Advice.
(4) Turn to right, walk for about five mitutes, then take the left turn and five mitutes you reach
the place.
Instructioins.
(5) Come on.
Command.
[II] Turn the following imperative sentence into ‘Polite Request’ :
(1) Lend me your pen.
Would you me lend me your pen?
(2) Tell me where the railway station is.
Could you tell me where the railway station is?
(3) Look after your parents.
Would you look after your parents?
(4) Take something.
Would you take something?
(5) Open that door.
Would you open that door?
Exercise
[I] Read the following sentence and tell what they express :
(1) Kindly make room for waiting friends.
(2) Please get me a glass of water.
(3) Sit down and study.
(4) Don’t make the place dirty.
(5) My God bless you!
(6) Look in the mirror before you drive off.
(7) Thank you, honey.
(8) Try again you nearly did it.
(9) Have a nice day!
(10) Now, run along.
(11) Happy birthday to you.
(12) Let’s try it.
(13) Let me try.
(14) Remember to share it with them.
[II] Turn the following imperative sentence into ‘Polite Request’ :
(1) Submit your application tomorrow at this very hour.
(2) Bring your child to me tomorrow.
(3) Allow me to go for the picnic.
(4) Show me the way to the Civil Hospital.
(5) Come tomorrow, I’m busy today.
(6) Polish my shoes nicely.
(7) Open the door.
(8) Hurry up.
(9) Keep quite.
(10) Help me!
[III] Change the following imprerative sentence into ‘Negative’ :
(1) Do it again.
(2) Increase the power.
(3) Throw it away.
(4) Open the window.
(5) Go ahead.
ANSWERS
1. Imperative Sentences
[I] (1) request (2) request (3) command (4) instruction (5) blessing (6) suggestion (7) gratitude (8) encouragement (9) wish (10) command (11) wish (12) suggestion (13) permission (14) command
[II]
Could you submit your application tomorrow at this very hour? Could you……….? Would you………? Could you……….? Would you………? Could you……….? Would you………? Could you……….? Would you………?
10. Could you………?
[III]
Don’t do it again. Don’t………... Don’t………… Don’t………… Don’t…………
Negative sentence (नकारार्थी वाक्य)
(1) It is true. (2) It is true.
It is not true. It is not false.
* येथे एकच वाक्य दोन प्रकारे नकारार्थी करुन दाखवले आहेः
(i) अर्थामध्ये बदल करुन, (ii) अर्थामध्ये बदल न करुन
* वाक्य नकारार्थी करताना साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांनंतर not चा किंवा नकारदर्शक शब्दाचा वापर करतात.
* काळाच्या एकूण बारा रचना आहेत. त्यापैकी (i) साधा वर्तमानकाळ, (ii) साधा भूतकाळ या दोन रचनांमध्ये प्रत्यक्ष
साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद दिलेले नसते.
* साध्या वर्तमानकाळात I, we, you, you they, हे पाच कर्ते असताना वाक्य नकारार्थी करायचे असेल, तर
कर्त्यानंतर do not (don’t) चा वापर करतात.
e.g. We listen a sweet song.
We do not listen a sweet song.
* साध्या वर्तमानकाळात He, She, It हे तीन तृतीय पुरुषी एकवचनी कर्ते असताना वाक्य नकारार्थी करायचे असेल,
तर कर्त्यानंतर does not (doesn’t) चा वापर करतात. मूळ क्रियापदास लागलेला s किंवा es प्रत्यय काढून
टाकतात.
e.g. Lata sings sweetly.
Lata does not sing sweetly.
* साध्या भूतकाळात वाक्य नकारार्थी करताना कर्त्यानंतर did not (didn’t) चा वापर करतात. त्यानंतर भूतकाळी
क्रियापदाचे वर्तमानकाळी रुप लिहितात.
e.g. She removed the brace.
She did not remove the brace.
e.g. She removed the brace.
She did not remove the brace.
· वाक्ये नकारार्थी करण्याचे प्रकारः
दिलेल्या होकारार्थी वाक्यामध्ये साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदनंतर not चा वापर करुन वाक्य नकारार्थी करतात. माञ अशा वाक्यांच्या मूळ अर्थात बदल होत असतो.
e.g. I am your friend.
I am not your friend.
Some more examples solved for practice :
(1) I like to read story books.
I don’t like to read story books.
(2) We are going to visit you soon.
We aren’t going to visit you soon.
(3) Kalyani has finished her work.
Kalyani hasn’t finished her work.
(4) If you work hard, you can earn money.
If you don’t work hard, you can earn money.
(5) Yash completes his homework at home.
Yash doesn’t completes his homework at home.
· Remember the following negative forms used in above sentences :
(i) like – don’t like (ii) are – aren’t
(iii) has – hasn’t (iv) work – don’t work
(v) completes – doesn’t complete
[II] अर्थामध्ये बदल न करताः
दिलेल्या होकारार्थी वाक्यामध्ये साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदानंतर not चा वापर करतात. मूळ वाक्यातील विशेषणाच्या /
नामाच्या विरुद्‍ध शब्द वापरतात.
e.g. I am your friend.
I am not your enemy.
· Some more examples sloved for practice :
(1) She was happy to come.
She wasn’t unhappy to come.
(2) The first time is most difficult.
The fitst time is not very easy.
(3) Her tongue is rough.
Her tongue isn’t rough.
(4) It is difficult for them to survive in colder regions.
It isn’t easy difficult for them to survive in colder regions.
(5) It was the right thing to do.
It wasn’t the wrong thing to do.
Try to understand the negative forms used in above sentences :
(i) was happy – wasn’t unhappy (ii) is most difficult – isn’t very easy
(ii) is rough – isn’t smooth (iv) is difficult – isn’t easy
(v) was right – wasn’t wrong
* Execise *
[I] Change the following sentence into negatives :
(1) I like travelling by bus.
(2) He was late for the interview.
(3) I work for a company in Mumbai.
(4) The weather is very nice today.
(5) I have been working hard now-a-days.
(6) A tree gives us delicious fruits.
(7) Women used dried coconout shells to make spoons.
(8) The banana grows easily in the tropics.
(9) I can see a mango tree in the park nearby.
(10) The boy seemed to enjoy to whole exercise.
(11) I was drawn to like it a magnet.
(12) Deepti, wake up.
(13) My day begins like this.
(14) She does her work quietly.
(15) I would be wasting my money.
[II] Change the following sentence into negatives without a change in the meaning :
(1) The mango wood is very strong.
(2) Matheran is very cold.
(3) That’s different.
(4) He’s alive.
(5) They will be good.
(6) He was a rich man.
(7) It is a bad suggestion.
(8) You are unfortunate.
(9) He is lucky.
(10) Fear is a bad thing.
(11) Chinmay was bold.
(12) Charu was brave.
(13) The robber was a cruel man.
(14) The blind musician was courageous.
(15) Mahabaleshwar is a cold place.
ANSWERS
1. Negative Sentence
I do not like travelling by bus. He was not late for the interview I do not work for a company in Mumbai. The weather is not very nice today. I have not been working hard now-a-days. A tree does not give us delicious fruits. Women didn’t use dried coconut shells to make spoons. The banana does not grow easily I can’t see a mango tree in the park nearby.
10. The boy didn’t seem to enjoy to whole
11. I was not drawn to it like a magnet.
12. Deepti, don’t wake up.
13. My day doesn’t like this.
14. She does not do her work quietly.
15. I would not be wasting my money
[II]
The mango wood is not weak at all. Matheran is not hot at all. That isn’t same. He is not dead. They won’t be bad. He was not a poor man. It isn’t a good suggestion. You are not fortunate. He isn’t unlucky.
10. Fear isn’t a good thing.
11. Chinmay wasn’t timid.
12. Charu wasn’t coward.
13. The robber wasn’t kind man.
14. The blind musician wasn’t coward.
15. Mahabaleshwar isn’t a hot place.
Sentence and its parts (वाक्य व त्याचे भाग)
मला हे व्याकरण व ह्रदयाचे नियम समजतात व सोपे वाटतात.
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